Common Medicines from Herbs, Minerals and Animal Sources
Mehwish Iqbal in Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Decreasing the mutagen's activity can be one of the most significant methods to prevent the development of carcinogenic events. The extracts of black pepper, coriander and caraway, essential oils of eugenol, cumin xanthoxylum, nutmeg, cardamom, black pepper, celery, ginger and coriander and the juice of mustard and coriander have been noticed to decrease mutagenicity. Apoptotic induction in cells of the tumour is a promising medicinal approach. Natural apoptotic moderators may play a significant role in cancer prevention. Allicin has been demonstrated to persuade apoptosis of different malignant cells in humans, including skin, breast, prostate, colorectal, lymphoma, bladder and hepatic tumour cell lines. Ajoene has decreased multiplication and prompted apoptosis of leukaemia cells in humans. Garlic extract, protodioscin, cinnamaldehyde, diosgenin, 1,8-cineole and isothiocyanates are efficient in inducing apoptosis of several cancer cells in humans. Flavonoid apigenin commonly found in lettuce, celery and parsley, allicin from garlic, diallyl sulphide from allium and curcumin have also been observed to induce cancer cell apoptosis in humans (Peter, 2012; Rahman, 2007).
Fenugreek in Management of Female-Specific Health Conditions
Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai in Fenugreek, 2022
For regulatory purposes, a chemical’s mutagenicity potential has mainly been evaluated using in vitro assays, such as the Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test, AMES test (Mortelmans and Zeiger 2000). Mutagens are agents that can cause heritable changes in DNA, and their capacity to cause mutations is defined as mutagenicity (Cvetković, Takić Miladinov, and Stojanović 2018). As all information for the proper development, functioning, and reproduction of organisms is coded in DNA, mutations can result in harmful effects and play a role in genetic disorders (Verheyen 2017), especially for food-related products (Mandal et al. 2018; Weisburger 1999). The structural chromosomal abnormalities such as chromosomal aberration (a missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA) result from breakage and incorrect rejoining of chromosomal segments and result in many genetic diseases disorders such as cancer (Nguyen 2020). The standardized fenugreek seed extracts with markers such as furostenol saponins, glycosides, or low molecular galactomannans such as FENU-FG, SFSE-G, and LMWGAL-TF, were found safe and devoid of mutagenicity (OECD Test No. 471) and genotoxicity (Mammalian Chromosomal Aberration, OECD Test No. 473) potential during these studies (Deshpande, Mohan, and Thakurdesai 2016a; Deshpande, Mohan, Ingavale et al. 2017).
Quick Methods: Structure-Activity Relationships and Short-Term Bioassay
Samuel C. Morris in Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
Many environmental chemicals are not themselves mutagenic, but have metabolites which are. Thus, a bioassay which tests only the mutagenicity of the original chemical would not be very useful. This problem was solved by including a mix of homogenized rat liver microsomal enzymes in the test system. This is called the S9 fraction, and the Ames test is usually done with and without S9 to determine the direct and indirect mutagenic potential of the chemical. Liver cells are an appropriate choice since much of the metabolism of environmental chemicals takes place in the liver. Of course, an environmental chemical taken into the body is metabolized by various enzyme systems in different organs. Moreover, S9 preparation in a Petri dish may yield different metabolites than would be produced in vivo. Because of its ease of preparation, capability to activate many chemical classes, and its relative nontoxicity to the bacterial test strain, S9 remains the most commonly used activating agent in bacterial gene mutation bioassay. Efforts to obtain more realistic metabolites in the tests, however, led to the development of two additional approaches. One is to replace the liver homogenate with intact cells.
In vitro induction and selection of mutants obtained through gamma irradiation with improved processing traits in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Rupinder Kaur, Sat Pal Sharma, Anu Kalia, Navraj Kaur, Pooja Manchanda
Potato is a vegetatively propagated crop, heterozygous in nature with a narrow genetic base, and exhibits high polyploidy levels, which makes classical breeding an ardours task for the breeders. Therefore, mutation breeding can be a potential alternative to hybridization for generation of the genetic variation. Any sudden variation of a nucleotide in an organism or chromosomal aberrations or a heritable change is called a mutation. Mutation can be induced through physical or chemical mutagens, which alters the DNA/RNA by insertion or deletion error occurring during replication (Bertram 2000; Aminetzach et al. 2005). In vegetatively propagated crops physical mutagens are most commonly used. Gamma-rays are known to affect the plant growth and development through induction of morphogenetic, cytological, biochemical, and physiological changes in the cells and tissues.
Radiosensitivity of seedling traits to varying gamma doses, optimum dose determination and variation in determined doses due to different time of sowings after irradiation and methods of irradiation in faba bean genotypes
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Rajdeep Guha Mallick, Subhradeep Pramanik, Manas Kumar Pandit, Akhilesh Kumar Gupta, Subhrajit Roy, Sanjay Jambhulkar, Ashutosh Sarker, Rajib Nath, Somnath Bhattacharyya
To initiate an induced mutagenesis programme the first step is to select a suitable mutagen. A long-held idea, which probably has been influencing the choice of mutagen (chemical vs. physical) is that the chemical mutagens more favorably induce point mutations, whereas physical mutagens encourage gross lesions, such as chromosomal aberration and rearrangement. The chemical mutagens are said to be highly toxic. On the other hand, the side effects on the health caused by physical mutagens are considerably less. The choice of mutagen completely depends on its availability, allied expenditures and existing infrastructures. Gamma rays are quite easy in application; it penetrates easily due to their non-particulate nature and causes higher mutation frequency. In this experiment, gamma rays have been used for seed irradiation.
Acrylonitrile’s genotoxicity profile: mutagenicity in search of an underlying molecular mechanism
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
Richard J. Albertini, Christopher R. Kirman, Dale E. Strother
The difference between direct and indirect mutagenicity is that, while direct effects imply specific interactions with the genetic material, i.e. ACN → DNA interaction not requiring intermediary cellular processes, the mechanism by which ACN indirectly affects the DNA is multi-step (Figure 3; Albertini and Kaden 2020). A direct reaction with the DNA is the concept that forms the basis of the “one hit” non-threshold model of chemical carcinogenesis for mutagenic carcinogens whereby a single interaction with the DNA minimally raises the probability of cancer, even when undetectable by observation. This concept has been challenged (Heflich et al. 2020) but its validity is not the focus of this review. In contrast to direct genotoxicity, an exogenous chemical or its metabolite may indirectly damage the genetic material via a series of interactions with various cellular components leading to alterations of function and/or production of endogenous mutagens and/or reduction of defenses, i.e. exogenous chemical → cellular processes → production of endogenous mutagens → reduction of defenses → ± altered cellular functions. The mechanisms by which exogenous mutagens indirectly damage DNA do not fit the direct model in that there will be a dose effect for chemical interactions with cellular processes that is likely amplified when a series of processes are required before mutations are produced.
Related Knowledge Centers
- DNA
- DNA Replication
- Hydrolysis
- Mutation
- Nucleic Acid
- Carcinogen
- Neoplasm
- Cancer
- DNA
- DNA Replication
- Genetic Recombination
- Chromosome