Chemistries of Chemical Warfare Agents
Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry in Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
The ability of cyanide to form complexes with various metals explains its use in extracting gold from rocks in a process referred to as heap leaching. Cyanide ions react readily with iron salts to form iron complexes, such as is found in ferric ferrocyanide (also known as Prussian Blue, Hamburg Blue, Paris Blue, and mineral blue). Cyanide has a stronger affinity for Fe(III) (ferric) ions than for Fe(II) (ferrous) ions, and therefore, Fe(III) has been exploited for use in a therapy for cyanide poisoning (Baskin and Brewer, 1997). Cyanide ions have also been observed to readily complex with zinc (Feeney and Burgen, 1973). A summary of the color and bonding of cyanide complex ions has been reported (Clifford, 1961b), and the infrared spectra of cyanide complex ions have been studied extensively (Rao, 1963; Bowser, 1993).
Nail Product Rheology
Laba Dennis in Rheological Proper ties of Cosmetics and Toiletries, 2017
The combination of colorants will be selected so as to provide the desired shade and opacity. Opacity is obtained from titanium dioxide and to a lesser extent from iron oxides. Each of these pigments has a high specific gravity, and has a tendency to settle at a higher rate than the organic pigments. The titanium dioxide also is used to provide the tinting needed to obtain pastel shades, which often require relatively high levels to obtain the desired effect. Another factor affecting the amount of pigment used is the color strength. For example, ferric ferrocyanide provides a strong blue color, and small amounts can alter the nail polish shade, F,D&C Yellow No. 5 is a relatively weak colorant, with generally larger amounts required to achieve the desired effects.
Immunocytochemical Detection Systems
Lars-Inge Larsson in Immunocytochemistry: Theory and Practice, 2020
Ferritin has been used in many applications, including pre-embedding and postembedding approaches using BSA-embedded tissue, ultracryotomy sections, and Epon® and acrylamide sections.174,265,267,268,337,373 The studies by Suzuki et al.337 employed lectins coupled to ferritin (by glutaraldehyde). Useful labeling was obtained both on Epon® and acrylamide sections but was strongest in the acrylamide-embedded material. Suzuki et al.337 found that inclusion of BSA in their procedure was essential for eliminating background. Parr experienced problems with unspecific binding of ferritin conjugates, but found that this could be efficiently reduced by adding 0.4 M KCl or 0.7 M NaCl to the ferritin-containing media and washing solutions.268 Because ferritin contains iron, it can be demonstrated light microscopically by the Prussian blue reaction. Parmley et al.267 employed the Prussian blue reaction also at the ultrastructural level and found this to result in marking of ferritin-antibody sites as large cuboidal deposits of about 50 nm in diameter. Interestingly, the sulfide-silver method has been applied to demonstrating ferritin-conjugated antibodies in agar gels.28 Potentially, therefore, silver intensification methods similar to those described for colloidal gold probes above also could be used for ferritin.
Mometasone furoate-loaded aspasomal gel for topical treatment of psoriasis: formulation, optimization, in vitro and in vivo performance
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Gajanan Shinde, Pankhita Desai, Santosh Shelke, Rakesh Patel, Ganesh Bangale, Deepak Kulkarni
Antioxidant potency of the prepared aspasomal gel was determined by Ferric Reducing Assay. The antioxidant potency of the aspasomes was compared with ascorbyl 6-palmitate solution and conventional niosomes. Aspasomes and ascorbyl 6-palmitate solutions were equimolar. 1 ml of the aspasomes, ASP solution and conventional niosomes were mixed with 1 ml of methanol and these solutions were added to separate tubes containing 2.5 ml of 0.2 M pH 6.6 phosphate buffer and 2.5 ml of 1% potassium ferricyanide. The tubes were placed in boiling water bath at 50 °C for 20 min. The tubes were then cooled rapidly and mixed with 2.5 ml of 10% trichloroacetic acid and 0.5 ml of 0.1% Ferric chloride. The amount of iron (II)–ferricyanide complex formed was determined by measuring the formation of Perl’s Prussian Blue at 700 nm after 10 min. The increase in the absorbance of the reaction mixture indicates increased reducing power (35,36).
Comparative acute intravenous toxicity study of triple polymer-layered magnetic nanoparticles with bare magnetic nanoparticles in Swiss albino mice
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Anas Ahmad, Md. Meraj Ansari, Ajay Kumar, Akshay Vyawahare, Rakesh Kumar Mishra, Govindasamy Jayamurugan, Syed Shadab Raza, Rehan Khan
Histological assessment of iron deposition or accumulation in toxicological pathology has been widely studied with Prussian blue staining technique, which implicates colorless potassium ferrocyanide reaction with ferric ions to give the insoluble blue product as ferric ferrocyanide (Rowatt et al. 2018). Prussian blue highlights the presence of iron and offers a sensitive assessment of iron deposition and aid in semiquantitative evaluation of the pattern and severity of iron distribution as well as its correlation with the clinical outcomes (Hall et al. 2013; Azhar et al. 2019; Faruque et al. 2019). In confirmation of organ coefficient and other biochemical findings, all tissue sections [including liver (Figure 7), kidney (Figure 8), spleen (Supplementary Figure S1), and heart (Supplementary Figure S2) excluding lungs (Supplementary Figure S3)] treated with the highest dose (25 mg/kg) of bare (uncoated) NPs and stained with Prussian blue salt demonstrated significant iron deposition. Lower doses (5 and 10 mg/kg) of uncoated NPs and all doses of coated NPs did not show any iron accumulation and were found to be safe in this regard.
Antioxidant activity and antibacterial evaluation of new thiazolin-4-one derivatives as potential tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2019
Anca Stana, Dan C. Vodnar, Gabriel Marc, Daniela Benedec, Brînduşa Tiperciuc, Radu Tamaian, Ovidiu Oniga
In this assay, the reduction of ferricyanide to ferrocyanide gave the Perl’s Prussian blue, in the presence of ferric ions. The resulted blue compound has an absorption peak at λ = 700 nm. The absorbance measured is directly proportional with the percent of compound’s reducing power when compared to a reference antioxidant. The results obtained in this experiment are presented in Table 6. All compounds exhibited lower reducing power than the antioxidants used as standards, and of these, compounds 3e, 6a, 6e and 9e presented the best reducing properties.
Related Knowledge Centers
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