Introduction
Frank A. Barile in Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Descriptive toxicology is a comprehensive attempt at explaining the toxic agents and their applications. Descriptive toxicology developed principally as a method for bridging the vacuum between the science and the public’s understanding of the field, especially when it became necessary for nonscientific sectors to comprehend the importance of toxicology. For instance, the study of metals in the environment (metal toxicology) has become a popular description for toxicologists interested in examining the role of heavy or trace metals in the environment. Clinical toxicology may also be considered as a descriptive category that involves the analysis of drugs or chemicals whose exposure is associated with pathological consequences, therapeutic intervention, known signs and symptoms, and public health involvement. Other descriptive areas in the field are defined in Table 1.1. More recently, research areas have intensified in toxicology and have blossomed into several broad descriptive fields, including, but not limited to, the study of apoptosis, receptor-mediated signal transduction, gene expression, proteomics, oxidative stress, and toxicogenomics.
Preclinical Toxicology/Safety Considerations in the Development of Ophthalmic Drugs and Devices
David W. Hobson in Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
This section of the guideline discusses the acute toxicology considerations that must be addressed before an original Investigational Device Exemption/Premarket Approval (IDE/PMA) application for a Class III contact lens solutions (i.e., daily cleaners, rinsing solutions, chemical or heat disinfection solutions, rinsing and heat disinfection solutions, chemical disinfection/rinsing/storage solutions, lubricating and rewetting solutions, etc.) is approved by the FDA and/or an IRB and before initiating a clinical investigation of contact lens solutions. In addition, this section of the guideline includes a discussion of the suggested acute toxicology tests that can be performed to provide the necessary preclinical toxicology and biocompatibility information to allow the FDA and/or an IRB to predict with reasonable assurance that patients participating in a clinical investigation of a contact lens solution will not be placed at undue risk. A general description of the suggested acute toxicology test procedures are presented. The suggested tests discussed are intended for use as a general guideline for testing that the FDA believes to be adequate and appropriate for the preclinical acute toxicological evaluation of a Class III contact lens solution.
Real-Time Physiological Data Collection and Analysis in Animal Inhalation Models: Predictive and Diagnostic Implications
Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry in Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
The basic tenet of toxicology governs the outcome of a chemical incident: the dose determines the poison. At sufficient concentrations, everything can be toxic; however, for toxic effects of any given dose of chemical agent to manifest in a biological system, a chemical and/or its metabolites must reach specific sites in the body at sufficient concentrations and lengths of time (Casarett and Klaassen, 2001). As such, factors influencing the dose, including route of exposure, whether a patient has had direct contact with the chemical, and what their distance was from the source at the time of exposure (Eaton and Klaassen, 2001; Kirk and Deaton, 2007; USDHHS, 2017), are some of the critical pieces of information required to predict an outcome and execute effective triage strategies. In addition, understanding the different mechanisms and symptomology of chemical agents can aid in proper therapeutic identification and patient stratification (Kirk and Deaton, 2007).
Failure of chelator-provoked urine testing results to predict heavy metal toxicity in a prospective cohort of patients referred for medical toxicology evaluation
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Stephanie T. Weiss, Sharan Campleman, Paul Wax, William McGill, Jeffrey Brent
Medical toxicology is a highly specialized discipline, and the formal outpatient evaluation of patients with potentially consequential toxicologic exposure is relatively uncommon. This is evidenced by the fact that the participating site clinics reported seeing a total of only 2946 non addiction clinic patients over a time period of 7.5 years. Although medical toxicology clinics do occasionally encounter patients who present with the results of PUT, these patients are seen relatively infrequently by mainstream medical practitioners, including medical toxicologists. The ToxIC case registry, aggregating the prospective experience of medical toxicologists from dozens of different sites, allowed for the accumulation of a relatively large number of cases of patients who have been evaluated and had their diagnoses ascertained by a board-certified medical toxicologist.
Toxicity of fipronil on rat heart mitochondria
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Enayatollah Seydi, Leila Mehrpouya, Hadiseh Sadeghi, Shabnam Rahimi, Jalal Pourahmad
Pesticides are considered as a source of environmental and health threats and can cause irreparable complications for humans and animals (Jablonska-Trypuc et al.2017). In toxicology research, toxic exposure to pesticides is very important, and exposure to these compounds has a harmful effect on public health. Also, exposure to pesticides is associated with serious complications and disabilities (Cortés-Iza and Rodríguez 2018). Studies show that pesticides induce toxicity through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress (Es Ruiz de Arcaute et al.2019, Mennillo et al.2019, Negro et al.2019). Oxidative stress is one of the most important indicators by which the toxicity of contaminants can be evaluated (Mennillo et al.2019) and is induced by an increase in the generation of ROS (Badgujar et al.2015, Menezes et al.2016, Gripp et al.2017). ROS is one of the most important oxidative stress inducers that cause changes in many biological activities, including cell survival and proliferation, lipid peroxidation (LPO), as well as cell death (Gill and Dumka 2016, Mennillo et al.2019).
The genotoxic effects of mixture of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, and chromium on the gill tissue of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio, Hamilton 1822)
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Fulya Dilek Gökalp, Oğuzhan Doğanlar, Zeynep Banu Doğanlar, Utku Güner
In the past few years, interest in metal mixture toxicity has grown. The authorities who determine pollution standards have done so by evaluating toxic mixtures on aquatic organisms (USEPA 2007). Determining the genotoxic effects of metal and pesticide concentrations on the environment and in organisms is one of the more popular types of toxicology studies conducted (Lokke et al. 2013, Wu et al. 2016). Metal–metal interactions, due to their concentrations in the environment, have been conducted on many different fish species (Olvera-Nestor et al. 2016, Gomez-Olivan et al. 2017, Stankeviciute et al. 2017, Stankeviciute et al. 2018). Heavy metals cause damage to proteins, DNA, and cellular lipids. They even cause cell death via the creation ROSs (Leonard et al. 2004, Valko et al. 2005).
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