Acute toxicity test for the ethanolic extract of the white oyster mushroom
Ade Gafar Abdullah, Isma Widiaty, Cep Ubad Abdullah in Medical Technology and Environmental Health, 2020
An acute toxicity test was carried out using the proposed method. This method was a new method recommended for testing the acute toxicity of drugs or natural substances. Acute toxicity is an undesirable effect due to the administration of certain substances, in single or repeated doses, in a short time in the first 24 hours. A dosage curve for undesirable effects can also be seen using this method, in addition to assessing mortality. The method used was the Proposed (New) Method (Chinedu et al. 2013). Experimental animals were divided into several stages; the next stage depended on the results of the previous stage. The first or initial stage used four groups containing one mouse for each group. All four were given different doses and were seen 1 hour after administration and in periodic examinations for 24 hours to assess their mortality. If no deaths occurred, the testing could be continued in the second stage. The second stage involved three animals given a higher dose than in the first stage. Observation was carried out the same as in the previous stage. If no mortality took place, then the testing continued to the third stage using three mice. The maximum dose given was 5,000 mg/kg body weight (Chinedu et al. 2013).
Safety considerations and occupational hazards
Wim P. Ceelen, Edward A. Levine in Intraperitoneal Cancer Therapy, 2015
Risks of occupational exposure to antineoplastic/cytotoxic drugs include both acute and chronic toxicities. Examples of acute toxicity include irritation of the skin, eyes, and mucus membranes, hair loss, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting [6–8]. These toxicities are obvious when they occur and are often the result of spillage of or direct handling of cytotoxic agents without personal protective equipment (PPE). The Globally Harmonized System (GHS) is an internationally agreed upon system for the classification and labeling of hazardous chemicals that was developed by the United Nations. The GHS describes acute toxicities associated with hazardous substances, defined as adverse effects following oral, dermal, or inhalational exposure [9]. Table 28.1 summarizes the GHS warnings for cytotoxic agents commonly used in HIPEC. In 1985, global standards for the handling of cytotoxic drugs were implemented [10–12]. Since that time, there are essentially no published reports in the literature of acute toxicities related to occupational exposure to cytotoxic agents.
Trace Minerals
Luke R. Bucci in Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Ingestion of copper from foods or simple salts appears to be relatively safe in humans. Estimates of safe intakes for indefinite time periods range from 10 to 35 mg Cu per d.808 Even 200 mg/d appears to be safe for short time periods.808 Acute copper toxicity may be more feasible. As little as 10 mg of copper (as a salt) may produce nausea, and 64 mg copper as 250 mg copper sulfate produces vomiting.808 Lethal doses in humans are thought to be 3.5 to 35 g. Acute toxicity symptoms are nausea, vomiting, jaundice, intravascular hemolysis, gastric hemorrhage, and hepatic necrosis. Situations where copper supplements should not be given are (1) Wilson’s disease (rare congenital disorder of excess tissue copper), (2) Indian childhood cirrhosis, (3) biliary atresia, (4) α1-antitrypsin deficiency, and (5) primary biliary cirrhosis.958 These conditions all cause copper to accumulate in tissues.
Identification of novel mycocompounds as inhibitors of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway against RCC
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2022
Ravi Prakash Yadav, Srilagna Chatterjee, Arindam Chatterjee, Dilip Kumar Pal, Sudakshina Ghosh, Krishnendu Acharya, Madhusudan Das
Acute toxicity is the assessment of a compound’s lethality after exposure to a test organism. It also determines the rare side effects and organ-specific harm that chemicals cause at a given dose. Acute toxicity of these compounds in rats was predicted by GUSAR database and it was found that astrakurkurone confers toxic response at 1597,000 mg/kg when injected intraperitoneally, 529,700 for subcutaneous route and 960,500 orally. Ergosta-4,6, 8-(14) 22-tetraene-3-one possess high acute toxicity values such as 869,900 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 746,700 subcutaneous routes and 589,100 orally as depicted in Table 3. Both of these compounds are nontoxic and are categorized as class 5 chemicals. The Adver-Pred database found no unusual adverse effects, however, the ROSC-Pred database projected that these chemicals would affect the haematological system and pituitary gland [25,26].
Evaluation of Noxious Consequence of Bark Extract of Onosma echioides Linn Root: Hematology, Biochemistry, and Histopathological Findings
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
Ambreen Shoaib, Hefazat Hussain Siddiqui, Rakesh Kumar Dixit
O. echioides did not produce any mortality or alter behavioral patterns of female mice during the acute toxicity testing up to the maximum dose level of 1,000 mg/kg body weight of the extract administered orally. Mortality, clinical signs, and changes in general behaviors are usually the first signs of toxicity observed during acute toxicity studies (Lee et al. 2014). Interestingly, our subacute toxicity study did not display any significant sign of toxicity. The present study of O. echioides extract at the dose of 100 mg/kg body weight per day for 28 days in SD rats was conducted to evaluate the subacute toxicity. No treatment-related significant adverse effects were observed on feed consumption and body weight of the animals during the study. However, the final body weight gain is significantly (P < 0.01) more in the O. echioides extract–treated male group compared to the O. echioides extract-treated female group. The results of feed consumption showed that despite lower body weight, females consumed a higher amount of feed compared to males but did not show any significant changes and signs of toxicity. Conversely, males consumed a higher amount of water compared to females without showing any sign of toxic effect.
Toxicity of microwave-assisted biosynthesized zinc nanoparticles in mice: a preliminary study
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Azad Salimi, Hamid-Reza Rahimi, Hamid Forootanfar, Elham Jafari, Atefeh Ameri, Mojtaba Shakibaie
In the present study, the oral route was selected as the current route of exposure for mice. The LD50 value of biogenic Zn NPs was evaluated to be above 5 g/kg in mice. According to the toxicity classification of the chemical substance, WHO and European Commission Directive 83/467/EEC, 1983, when LD50 was more than 2000 mg/kg, they were considered as practically non-toxic chemicals [23]. The LD50 value may be used to compare the acute toxicity of chemicals. One of the beneficial properties of biologically synthesized NPs was lower LD50 value and acute toxicity compared to their inorganic salt [5,24]. Changes in the body weight occurred as a measure of toxicity in a subacute study [5,24]. The body weight declined during 14 consecutive daily administrations of biogenic Zn NPs, especially at higher doses of 4 and 5 g/kg, and ZnSO4 at the dose of 100 mg/kg. This reduction was not found when lower doses (1, 2, and 3 g/kg) of biogenic Zn NPs were administrated. Studies have suggested that animals better tolerated high doses of biogenic trace elements (selenium and tellurium) than their inorganic forms and thus, low degree of toxicity may occur in animals treated with biogenic compounds [5,24].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chronic Toxicity
- In Vitro
- Lethal Dose
- Safety Data Sheet
- Statistical Inference
- Animal Testing
- Short-Term Exposure Limit
- No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level
- Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level
- Median Lethal Dose