Developments of Health Care: A Brief History of Medicine
P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas in Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
The rise of Egyptian civilization was in about 3000 BC. Sekhet-Eanach was the first doctor known to history. The second doctor was Imhotep (2,600 BC) He seems to have been a successful physician. He started using simple surgery instead of magic [8]. The oldest known medical book is the Ebers Papyrus, written about 1500 BC, covering 200 illnesses, extracting medicine from crops, and pointing out the Egyptian physicians used a wide range of herbal and mineral drugs medicated steam inhalation had used for the treatment of patients with chest problem, and doctors used ointments for healing wounds [9]. According to the Egyptians concept, the human body was full of passages. They considered that it could cause disease if these passages in a human body were blocked, to open the passages; they used laxatives and caused vomiting. However, they believed that spells and magic would help to cure the sickness and they used amulets to prevent the disease. They were, curious about the fundamental and primary sources of illness and they started to search for a physical cause of disease [10]. The Egyptians had some awareness of anatomy from the experience of making mummies. Egyptian surgery was restricted only to the treatment of injuries, fractures, and the treatment of blisters and cysts or abscesses. They had surgical instruments such as probes, saws, forceps, scalpels, and scissors clamps, sutures, and cauterization [11].
Equipment, surgery and practical procedures
T. Justin Clark, Arri Coomarasamy, Justin Chu, Paul Smith in Get Through MRCOG Part 3, 2019
If asked to describe and/or assemble surgical instruments, then concentrate on the following key points: When presented with an instrument, handle it in a steady, systematic fashion and hold it/assemble it in the way it is intended to be used. When you are nervous, there is a tendency to manipulate the instrument excessively and this can give the impression that you lack familiarity with the equipment, so handle it in a purposeful but sparing fashion.Do not answer the examiner’s questions immediately even if you are certain of the answer. Pause for a few seconds before answering to allow you to compose your thoughts and formulate an answer.You can state what the equipment is and then proceed to describe its key features or begin with the description and then state what it is and what you would use it for.
General Surgery
Tjun Tang, Elizabeth O'Riordan, Stewart Walsh in Cracking the Intercollegiate General Surgery FRCS Viva, 2020
How is surgical equipment sterilised?The majority of surgical instruments and drapes are sterilised using an autoclave (saturated steam at high pressure), at 134°C, a pressure of 2 atm for a holding time of 3 min. This kills all organisms including viruses and heat-resistant spores. The steam penetration is monitored with the Bowie–Dick test, which should be checked prior to every operation.Dry-heat sterilisation is used for moisture-sensitive instruments and those with fine cutting edges. The tools are heated to 160°C for 1 hour.Ethylene oxide is a highly penetrative gas used to sterilise heat-sensitive equipment (rubber, electrical equipment), and it will kill vegetative bacteria, spores and viruses.Gamma irradiation is used in industry to sterilise large batches of single-use items such as catheters and syringes.
Evaluation Criteria and Surgical Technique for Transoral Access to the Thyroid Gland: Experimental Study
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2019
Alexander M. Shulutko, Vasiliy I. Semikov, Elkhan G. Osmanov, Sergey E. Gryaznov, Anna V. Gorbacheva, Alla R. Patalova, Gaukhar T. Mansurova, Airazat M. Kazaryan
The experimental work was carried out in the pathology department of the Moscow Municipal Clinical Hospital №71 in Moscow. The study was approved by the Academic Council of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (protocol number 14, dated 16.03.2015). The development of the thyroid gland access method and surgical technique has been carried out using19 unfixed cadavers of both sexes. All the subjects had no signs of trauma or pathological processes either in the neck area or the oral cavity. The cadavers had not been dead for more than 24 hours before surgery initiation. The age range of the cadavers was from 44 to 86 y/o with a total number of 11 males and 8 females. The research work included anthropometric evaluations, dissection and anatomical structure marking, creating the model of surgical access with photo- and video-recording. We only used standard general surgical instruments to operate, as well as the classical set of laparoscopy instruments and equipment—video-camera equipped with an illuminator, monitor, 10-mm direct optical endoscope, forceps, scissors and 5-mm clamp applicator. The lifting of the cutaneous flap to create the working area was conducted with two Kirschner wires that were fixed by using Kirschner clamps along the L-shaped arch above the neck area of the subject.
Techniques for lung surgery: a review of robotic lobectomy
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2018
Sophia Chen, Travis C. Geraci, Robert James Cerfolio
The only currently US FDA-approved robotic system for lung surgery is the da Vinci Surgical System (Sunnyvale, CA, USA), which offers both Xi and Si systems. All generations share the same general concept: the operating surgeon sits at a console some distance from the patient, who is positioned on an operating table in close proximity to the robotic unit with its four ‘operating’ arms. Fine proprietary endowrist instruments are attached to the arms allowing a wide range of high-precision motions. Those motions are initiated and controlled by the surgeon’s hand movements, via ‘master’ instruments located at the console. The master instruments sense the surgeon’s hand movements and translate them electronically into scaled-down micromovements to manipulate the small surgical instruments. Computer-assisted translation is able to filter out surgeon tremors.
Devices for minimally-invasive microdiscectomy: current status and future prospects
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Yong Ahn
As previously mentioned, the need for a technical fusion between tubular microsurgery and endoscopic spine surgery is ever increasing. Technological development should meet the needs of the current spine treatment market and can be accomplished in several ways. First, technical evolution in the optics will be remarkable. Three-dimensional endoscopic visualization with a flexible control may guarantee a more relevant outcome. Second, various forms of a tube or working channel needs to be improved. Eventually, trauma to healthy neuromuscular tissues can be minimized. Third, useful surgical instruments or supplementary devices such as navigable forceps, articulating burrs, laser scalpels, and radiofrequency should be improved. Finally, an advanced surgical technique and postoperative care protocol will make an outpatient surgery or same-day surgery feasible.
Related Knowledge Centers
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