ENTRIES A–Z
Philip Winn in Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
A device for cutting sections of tissue (see HISTOLOGY). There are two important parts: a block on which tissue can be held firm and a cutting blade. Microtomes work in essentially one of two ways: either the blade is moved across the tissue; or the tissue is moved across the blade. (Modern blades are disposable, in a manner analogous to scalpel blades.) In either case, each pass will move the tissue block through a predetermined distance (which will determine the thickness of the sections being cut). The tissue to be placed on the block can be processed in a variety of ways: the most common are PARAFFIN EMBEDDING (also called paraffin wax processing), PLASTIC EMBEDDING and freezing (usually achieved using dry ice or a cooled solvent). All make the tissue firm so that it can be sectioned without distortion. The thickness of the sections cut is to a large extent dependent on the method of embedding. For example, paraffin-embedded sections can be as thin as 4 p.m, plastic even thinner. Frozen sections are usually in excess of 25 p.m thick. Frozen sections thinner than this a can be cut on a CRYOSTAT, which maintains low temperature better than a bench microtome. (When the sections are cut they warm slightly—they defrost—but in a cryostat, where the local air temperature is controlled this presents less of a problem.)
History and Evolution of Thyroid Surgery
Madan Laxman Kapre in Thyroid Surgery, 2020
Considered to be the oldest surgical instrument to have been used by humans, evidence of the surgical knife in the form of a flint dagger dates, according to archeological analysis, as far back as 10000–8000 bc [16]. Since these prehistoric variants of the modern day scalpel, the knife has undergone multiple reincarnations with the use of copper in 3500 bc, and bronze and then iron in 1400 bc. The disposable scalpel that is so well known to today's surgeons was first introduced by American surgeon John Murphy after he adapted the disposable safety razor produced by King Camp Gillette in 1901 (founder of the Gillette Safety Razor Company) [17]. John Murphy's disposable scalpel, however, was not technically satisfactory. In 1914, American engineer Morgan Parker adapted John Murphy's disposable three-piece scalpel to a significantly more technically intuitive two-piece scalpel—the same that is used in operating theatres across the world today [17].
The Chest
Kenneth D Boffard in Manual of Definitive Surgical Trauma Care: Incorporating Definitive Anaesthetic Trauma Care, 2019
The numbers of instruments and types of equipment necessary to perform EDT, and include only the following: A scalpel, with a #20 or #21 blade.Forceps.A suitable retractor such as Finochietto chest retractor or a Balfour abdominal retractor.A Lebsche knife and mallet or Gigli saw for the sternum.Large vascular clamps such as Satinsky vascular clamps (large and small).Mayo scissors.Metzenbaum scissors.Long needle-holders.Internal defibrillator paddles.Sutures, swabs, and Teflon pledgets.Sterile skin preparation and drapes.Good light.
Autologous fat transplantation for the treatment of abdominal wall scar adhesions after cesarean section
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2021
Sheng-Hong Li, Yin-Di Wu, Yan-Yun Wu, Xuan Liao, Pik-Nga Cheung, Ting Wan, Li-Ling Xiao, Jian-Xing Song, Hai-Ling Huang, Hong-Wei Liu
Approval for autologous fat harvesting and transplantation was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Medical Science, Jinan University, and written consent was obtained from the study participants. The liposuction sites were located in the lower abdomen, thigh, and knee. The incision for lower abdominal liposuction was made at the inner edge of the umbilicus. Lidocaine (0.125%) was used as a topical infiltrating anesthetic. A no. 11 scalpel was used to make an incision of approximately 3 mm in accordance with the preoperative plan. A no. 20 blunt-side-opening long needle was used to inject the tumescent anesthesia solution (25 ml of 2% lidocaine + 2 mg of adrenaline + 12.5 ml of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate + 1000 ml of normal saline). The amount of tumescent fluid injected depended on the amount of fat required and the range of liposuction. A side-opening liposuction needle with an inner diameter of 3 mm was inserted into the subcutaneous fat layer, a 20 ml syringe was connected, and subcutaneous fat was extracted using the syringe liposuction technique [14,15]. Uniform radioactivity extraction was conducted, and the amount of extracted fat depended on the amount of fat required to fill the subcutaneous tunnels of the scar. The contused tissue around the incision was trimmed, and the skin incision was sutured. The surgical area was bandaged under pressure. The collected fat was statically precipitated and filtered to remove the tumescent anesthetic fluid and was then placed in a 10 ml syringe for use.
Treatment approaches of stage III and IV pressure injury in people with spinal cord injury: A scoping review
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2023
Carina Fähndrich, Armin Gemperli, Michael Baumberger, Marco Bechtiger, Bianca Roth, Dirk J. Schaefer, Reto Wettstein, Anke Scheel-Sailer
All approaches describe a debridement as the baseline of surgical treatment because it is the most efficient method of wound cleaning.3,5–7,9,11,15,31–35 During the surgical debridement, all necrotic tissue and infected bone should be removed.3,5,33,34 The debridement can be carried out with a scalpel, electrocautery, rongeur or curette.3 Moreover, anesthesia is often indicated because of autonomic dysreflexia, pain and/or bleeding.3 Ljung et al. and Rieger et al. perform the debridement with pseudotumor technique.6 In this procedure, the wound margin is incised at a sufficient distance in healthy tissue, the ulcer margins are sutured together with retaining sutures and the ulcer is excised, taking any necrosis and surrounding scar tissue with it.5 Furthermore, Tadiparthi et al. mention to use methylene blue in order to trace the extent of any sinus tract formation.7 Ljung et al. remove the underlying bone and make it smooth and less prominent.6 Debridement and surgical closure in the same procedure was described by Ljung et al. and Tadiparthi et al.6,7 In contrast, Jordan et al., Kreutzträger et al., Sørensen et al. and the Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine prefer serial debridement, especially in cases of heavy bioburden.3,9,15,31
Dynamics and metabolic profile of oral keratinocytes (NOK-si) and Candida albicans after interaction in co-culture
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Paula Masetti, Paula Volpato Sanitá, Janaina Habib Jorge
This assay was performed to determine the number of CFU ml−1 of C. albicans biofilm cells growing in isolation and in the co-cultures at the following periods of time: 90 min, 24 h, and 48 h. For quantification of the fungal cells, the Transwell® membranes with the biofilms were removed from their support with a sterile no. 11 blade in a scalpel handle. Then, each membrane was placed in a Falcon tube with sterile 1X PBS and sonicated in an ultrasonic device for 5 min for the total detachment of the cells (Pellissari et al. 2016). Subsequently, a serial dilution was performed in 1X sterile PBS by transferring 100 μl of the original solution to tubes containing 900 μl of the same solution. Dilutions of 10−1 to 10−4 were obtained and an aliquot of 25 μl of each dilution was sown, in duplicate, in one of the quadrants of a Petri dish containing SDA with chloramphenicol. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 48 h and, after this period, the number of colonies was determined with a digital colony counter. The numbers of CFU ml−1 were calculated according to the following formula: CFU ml−1 = number of colonies × 10n q−1. In this formula, n is equivalent to the absolute value of the chosen dilution (from 0 to 4) and q is equivalent to the quantity, in ml, sown of each dilution in the plates.
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