Bio-Implants Derived from Biocompatible and Biodegradable Biopolymeric Materials
P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas in Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
3D bone structure requires porosity, for the flow of nutrients, blood, oxygen, and mineral. Production of such structure remains a problem using conventional methods. Blends made up of PLA and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) is a suitable material that gives properties required. Bone grafting method is used for the repair of bones that are severely damaged or lost completely. Arthritis, traumatic injury, and surgery for bone tumor are very common in the senior people. New researches for the design of new materials for the wide application are very much necessary. There can be permanent or temporary bone replacement depending on the properties of the material. A permanent bone replacement can use when a bone is missing due to some conditions. A temporary implant is used when the implant could be removed when the treatment is completed [101]. The selection will be depending on various factors, the purpose clinical application, defect area size, mechanical, and strength properties, material availability, and required bioactivity, material handling, cost aspects, and ethical concepts [105, 106].
Animal Models of Bone Defect Repair
Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman in Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Bone grafting is aimed to provide the missing elements necessary for bone formation in a bone defect and thereby restore the bone integrity. Using cell-seeding to a substrate to make an implantable graft is not a new concept.147,148 Recently, a few groups reported some preliminary and very important data on the use of cell-seeded implants for repairing osseous or chondral defects.93,149-151 In 1991, Frayssinet et al. reported that bone cells from canine humeri were grown on HA granules and the cell-HA composite was placed in a bioreactor and implanted into a canine ulna defect. Osteogenesis was seen in active bioreactors three weeks after implantation.93 Cultured chondrocytes bound to a HA block were implanted to repair a rabbit ulna defect.70 Osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1) were also used to study the potential of bioabsorbable polymers and ceramics to support osteoblastic growth for a bone-polymer composite in bone repair.150
Elective spinal surgery for lumbar fusion
Michael Y. Wang, Andrea L. Strayer, Odette A. Harris, Cathy M. Rosenberg, Praveen V. Mummaneni in Handbook of Neurosurgery, Neurology, and Spinal Medicine for Nurses and Advanced Practice Health Professionals, 2017
Fusion or arthrodesis is the process where a spinal level (e.g., L4-5) is made rigid by bone growth across the typically mobile segment. Historically, the most common method to obtain lumbar fusion has been the posterior or posterolateral fusion. In this procedure, a midline back incision is made with stripping of the paraspinal muscles to expose the posterior spine, consisting of the spinous process, lamina, facet joints, and transverse processes. Although there are many variations, in posterior fusion the lamina to be fused are decorticated so that bleeding bone is created. In posterolateral fusion, the facet joints and transverse processes are also decorticated. Bone graft is then placed on the decorticated bone to promote bone fusion. Several types of bone graft are available, including autograft and allograft. Autograft bone is bone harvested from the patient, either from the iliac crest or locally (e.g., spinous process or lamina, if a laminectomy is performed). Allograft bone is bone harvested from a cadaver that has been prepared for use as graft material. Beyond autograft and allograft bone, other options exist, including bone morphogenetic proteins.
Xenogeneic bone matrix immune risk assessment using GGTA1 knockout mice
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Anliang Shao, You Ling, Liming Xu, Susu Liu, Changfa Fan, Zhijie Wang, Bin Xu, Chengbin Wang
For bone injury patients, bone grafting is a common surgical procedure in clinical treatment. However, limited availability and high incidence of morbidity of autogenous graft harvest drive researcher to acquire grafts from other sources. Biomaterials derived from mammalian extracellular matrix (ECM) have been widely used in surgical wound repair, tissue reconstruction and tissue engineering due to their good biocompatibility [1,2]. However, the immune risk caused by animal derived biomaterials or xenogeneic organs directly affected the safety and effectiveness of these materials and limited their applications [1,3,4]. Immune reactions between the antigen on xenografts and the antibody in humans may lead to immune mediated tissue degeneration and dystrophic calcification [5]. If adverse reactions such as hyper-acute immune rejection happen after transplantation, organs would fail in a short time and patients will face a life-threatening condition [6]. With the development of antigen removal technology, xenogeneic antigens can be removed; however, it is difficult to completely remove all of them [5,7]. Residual antigens are still important factors that cause chronic immune rejection and immunodeficiency and affect tissue complete healing.
A comprehensive overview on utilizing electromagnetic fields in bone regenerative medicine
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2019
Esmaeel Azadian, Bahar Arjmand, Zohreh Khodaii, Abdolreza Ardeshirylajimi
Bone is a living tissue that has the capability to heal and remodel after fractures; however, it is not able to restore critical sized defects and requires interventions. Bone grafting is a commonly used surgical intervention for bone repair that applies three types of grafts including autografts, allografts, and synthetic grafts. In autograft method, the bone is taken from a part of a patient’s own body and then transplanted into another part of the same patient’s body. In allograft, bone is obtained from a donor for transplantation in another person. Synthetic grafts have been made from biocompatible and bioresorbable substances with similar structural and mechanical properties to bone. Despite their vast applications, there are some serious drawbacks associated with the application of these grafts, plus none of them guarantees osteogenesis, osteoinduction and osteoconduction properties, simultaneously (Giannoudis et al., 2005). Tissue engineering, as a promising method to overcome the limitations of grafts application and the serious demand for bone grafts, is an increasingly important area in bone healing that has received considerable critical attention.
Recent Advances in Biomaterials for the Treatment of Bone Defects
Published in Organogenesis, 2020
Le-Yi Zhang, Qing Bi, Chen Zhao, Jin-Yang Chen, Mao-Hua Cai, Xiao-Yi Chen
Bone defects produced by large bone tumor resections, trauma-induced nonunion fractures, biochemical disorders, infections, or abnormal skeletal development due to genetic disorders, are a major cause of disability and a loss of quality of life globally.6 The treatment of bone defects to recover normal bone morphology and function represents an important and unmet clinical challenge, particularly when bone healing is impaired.7 There are several reasons for bone healing defects, including bone loss due to injury, impaired vascularization, dysregulated immune responses, infection and osteomyelitis.8 Surgical techniques, including the implantation of synthetic bone substitutes and bone graft implants, have been developed to aid bone recovery.9 Bone grafting replaces the missing bone during surgery, and as a procedure, its demand is widespread, second only to blood transplants in terms of treatment frequency.7, 10 Autographs remain the front line therapy but their attainability is complex and their effectiveness is limited by the associated morbidity during harvesting and poor clinical performance, particularly in osteoporosis patients.11 Therefore, the development of new, effective and safer alternatives is urgently required in the field of bone regenerative therapy.
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