Cycling
Ira Glick, Danielle Kamis, Todd Stull in The ISSP Manual of Sports Psychiatry, 2018
Cycling as a competitive sport encompasses a number of disciplines on-road, off-road, and on the track. Road cycling continues to be the most popular in terms of participation and spectator involvement. It is also the most financially rewarding. Competitive road cycling developed in Western Europe and has existed as an organized sport since 1868 (McGurn, 2000). The first road World Championships were held in 1893 and it has been an Olympic event since the reintroduction of the Games in 1896. The end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries saw the establishment of the most iconic single-day races that continue to this day: “The Monuments” (Liège–Bastogne–Liège, 1892; Paris–Roubaix, 1896; Milan–San Remo and Giro di Lombardia, 1905) as well as two of the “Grand Tours” (Tour de France, 1903; Giro d’Italia, 1909).
A to Z Entries
Clare E. Milner in Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The lumbar spine and pelvis are often involved in overuse injuries in sport. Low back pain is a common complaint in elite athletes and recreational sports people alike. Although the immediate pain usually resolves with rest, like most overuse injuries, the problem will return unless the root cause is determined and rectified. For example, in those sports that require a large anterior pelvic tilt to be maintained for long periods, the muscles responsible for this movement, mainly psoas major on the front of the pelvis, can become chronically shortened and prevent normal pelvic tilt from being achieved in the normal standing posture. Examples of such sports are rowing and cycling. However, low back problems can also occur in runners, since they need to maintain correct trunk and upper body posture while supporting themselves alternately on opposite legs during the running stride. This problem builds up slowly over a long time and the subtle change in posture may not be detected until it becomes severe enough to cause low back problems. For the trunk and upper body to remain upright in a standing position, the lumbar spine must hyperextend into increased lumbar lordosis to counteract the increased anterior tilt of the pelvis. Although this compensation does enable the upper trunk to maintain its normal position with respect to the rest of the body, it overloads the lumbar spine and predisposes it to overuse injury and the onset of low back pain.
The Integrative Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Prevention Program
Mark C Houston in The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
This section contains different training schedules, ranging from beginner to professional levels:Alternate days with the various resistance programs (numbers 1–4) listed below for each of the week's sessions.Vary the type of aerobic exercise: for example, running one day, swimming the next, and bicycling the third.Do the aerobic exercise after the resistance exercises.Always do the correct number of sets with each type of ABCT session for the upper body, lower body, core, flexibility, and balance exercises. For example, if you are doing ABCT 1, do only one set for each exercise. With ABCT 2, do two sets for each exercise, with ABCT 3, do three sets for each exercise, and so on.Customize the exercise program depending on your goals and time commitment. If you wish to build more muscle, do ABCT 1, 2, and 5; or ABCT 1, 2, 3, and 5. If your goal is to contour and tone, do ABCT 2, 3, and 4. If you wish to have bulk, contour, and tone, then do ABCT 1–5.
Concussion severity and functional outcome using biomarkers in children and youth involved in organized sports, recreational activities and non-sport related incidents
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Linda Papa, Kimberly Rosenthal, Laura Cook, Michael Caire, Josef G. Thundiyil, Jay G. Ladde, Alec Garfinkel, Carolina F. Braga, Ciara N. Tan, Neema J. Ameli, Marco A. Lopez, Crystal A. Haeussler, Diego Mendez Giordano, Philip A. Giordano, Jose Ramirez, Manoj K. Mittal, Mark R. Zonfrillo
There is no unanimity in distinguishing sports and recreation. Rather, these terms are defined based on societal norms and trends (6). Competitive or organized sports can be described as competitive, goal-oriented organized activities that require vigorous and regular training. In contrast, recreational activities are considered leisurely physical activities that are not competitive or organized and include riding a bicycle, recreational swimming or skateboarding and playground activities. There are gray areas in defining sports versus recreational activities, as many people participate in competitive, organized sports for recreation. However, these more leisurely activities would not be considered competing at the same level as an athlete who attends regular practice and competition. For instance, competitive swimming or cycling are sports but leisurely swimming or riding a bicycle are recreational.
Outdoor E-trike cycling: A low intensity physical activity
Published in Assistive Technology, 2022
Roos Bulthuis, Monique Tabak, Leendert Schaake, Hermie Hermens
The electrically assisted bicycle (e-bike) is becoming increasingly popular compared to a conventional bicycle, likely because e-bikes can increase travel range and speed, and reduce effort required by the cyclist (Langford et al., 2015; Plazier et al., 2018). Literature on e-bike cycling suggests that despite pedal support, the cyclist could still gain some health benefits (Johnson & Rose, 2013). For example, sub-maximal power output and maximum oxygen uptake increased after 6 and 4 weeks of commuter e-bike cycling, respectively, compared to commuting by car (De Geus et al., 2013; Peterman et al., 2016). This is supported by studies highlighting that e-bike cycling can result in moderate to vigorous exercise intensities, depending on support settings, speed, and slope (Gojanovic et al., 2011; Langford et al., 2017; Louis et al., 2012; Simons et al., 2009). On the other hand, riding an e-bike involves lower muscle activation, reduced cardiorespiratory and metabolic effort, and requires less effort from the cyclist (Gojanovic et al., 2011; Langford et al., 2017; Louis et al., 2012; Simons et al., 2009; Sperlich et al., 2012). Consequently, cycling becomes a more accessible physical activity also for those with lower endurance or muscle strength.
Hip joint dynamics during the BMX gate start: a case study
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
D. Princelle, M. Domalain, J. F. Debril, E. Brunet, J. Sastre, T. Monnet
Overall, traditional cycling has been widely studied in comparison to BMX. The BMX standing start has several specificities (e.g., the non-seated position, the downhill slope and rolling movement of the bike), and no information is available on the joint moment and power of the lower limb during the BMX start and in the general standing start action. Yet to date, all kinetic bicycle analysis has been focused on a sagittal plan analysis. Moreover, specific joint-power analysis is complex as there is no consensus on how negative and positive power should be summed in a single joint or regarding the distribution and repartition of power between each joint (van der Kruk et al. 2018). In 3D, the interpretation is even more complex as power is a scalar quantity and it cannot be decomposed into three axes. To help interpreting the 3D joint power in gait analysis, Dumas and Cheze (2008), proposed a new approach that characterizes joint power as driving, stabilising or resisting whether joint moment vector is aligned with joint angular velocity vector or not.
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