Sleep, sedation and coma
Ad (Sandy) Macleod, Ian Maddocks in The Psychiatry of Palliative Medicine, 2018
Parasomnias are not uncommon in palliative care, particularly in those with early CNS disease involvement. Medications increasing stage 3–4 of sleep, such as antipsychotics, can increase the frequency of parasomnia in susceptible persons. Sleep paralysis may occur when falling off to sleep and awakening. There is a dissonance between the level of alertness and muscle atonia. It may be associated with hypnagogic (at sleep onset) and hypnopompic hallucinations (on awaking). Sleep paralysis, if not previously experienced can be terrifying. Sleep walking (somnambulism) can rarely cause accidental injury. Sleeptalking (somniloquy) occurs in stage 1, and despite the fears of the patient, it is generally difficult to comprehend and very seldom, or never, are important aspects of emotional life revealed. Night terrors (pavor incubus) tend to occur early into the night during stage 4 non-REM sleep, and result in waking frightened and aroused with some recall of the content of the dreaming. Benzodiazepines block stages 3–4, are very effective treatments for night terrors, and do not therapeutically fade. Reactivation of PTSD symptoms, particularly night terrors, may occur during severe and life-threatening illness. Hypnic jerks or startled movements falling asleep are common and harmless.
Psychiatric Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Additional disorders falling into the realm of this area include eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia (which are discussed in the chapter on nutrition); sleep disorders such as Kleine-Levin syndrome (recurrent periods of prolonged sleep), hypersomnia (excessive sleeping), narcolepsy, and somniloquy (sleepwalking); and compulsive behaviors such as kleptomania (stealing) or pyromania (setting fires).
Shortness of Breath Among Persons with Parkinson's Disease
Lucien Côté, Lola L. Sprinzeles, Robin Elliott, Austin H. Kutscher in Parkinson's Disease and Quality of Life, 2014
In addition, patients with Parkinson's disease often have sleep disturbance, due either to the primary disease or to its treatment. This results in daytime dysfunction. Insomnia and frequent arousals may be due to either central or obstructive apneas, both of which can be treated. Excessive limb movements at night may also cause arousal and sleep talking or somnambulism may occur despite their usual rigidity. The paradox is that less movement in bed due to rigidity may itself result in arousals. When the sleep disorder is identified and treated, daytime sleepiness and function can be much improved.
Association of possible sleep bruxism in children with different chronotype profiles and sleep characteristics
Published in Chronobiology International, 2018
Mariana Batista Ribeiro, Daniele Manfredini, Cláudia Tavares-Silva, Leandro Costa, Ronir Raggio Luiz, Saul Paiva, Júnia Maria Serra-Negra, Andréa Fonseca-Gonçalves, Lucianne Cople Maia
Similar to adults, the etiology of SB in children is multifactorial, involving central elements and associations with some sleep disorders (Serra-Negra et al. 2016). The literature reports an association with habitual snoring, somniloquy (talking while sleeping), nightmares (Serra-Negra et al. 2016), breathing disorders (Fonseca et al. 2011), and environmental stimuli (Serra-Negra et al. 2014). These factors may lead to sleep fragmentation and night awakening (Balasubramaniam et al. 2014; Di Francesco et al. 2004) and can change a child’s internal biological clock, thus affecting sleep duration and quality (Serra-Negra et al. 2014).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Parasomnia
- Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
- Sleep Disorder
- Sleep Paralysis
- Sleep Cycle
- NON-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
- Sleepwalking
- Night Terror
- Dream Speech
- Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder