Sleep–Wake Disorders
Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw in Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
There is a relative lack of normative data for the MWT. Currently, a mean sleep latency of ≤ 8 minutes is considered ‘abnormal’, whereas values between 8 and 40 minutes are regarded to have uncertain significance. Staying awake for the entire duration of all four trials is considered to be an appropriate expectation for individuals engaged in employment requiring ‘the highest level of safety’. However, it is important to realize that regardless of the result of the MWT, there is no way to guarantee maintenance of alertness in the work environment, due to influence of multiple factors that may not be present in the laboratory environment. The MWT is neither necessary nor recommended for commercial truck drivers, because of the poor correlation between the laboratory environment and real-life driving situations. A USA Task Force comprises members of several organizations, including the National Sleep Foundation, recommended clearance for work for truck drivers with OSA, based on demonstrated compliance with positive airway pressure (PAP) and/or a documented AHI of ≤ 10.18
Chronic Posttraumatic Disorders of Consciousness
Rolland S. Parker in Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
Persons complaining of fatigue from insomnia report 2.5 times as many MVAs as those with fatigue from other causes. This may be due to increased drug or alcohol use. Curiously, insomniacs are no sleepier than age-matched control subjects. This may be due to hyperarousal or impaired perception of sleep (overestimating sleep latency or underestimating total sleep time) (Chokroverty, 2004). A general quality of sleep disorders is observed in a majority of PCS patients, as well as those with moderate-to-severe TBI. Its determinants may vary from neurological etiology early on to psychosocial etiology later on. Insomnia has been attributed to a variety of lesions in addition to the familiar medullary projections: subthalamic; thalamic lesions that interrupt rostral inhibitory connections to the waking system; and occipitocervical anomalies (Autret et al., 2001).
Sleep Science
Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra in Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
To assess how much physiological drive a person has to sleep, patients are given 4–6 opportunities to take naps during the day and record the amount of time it takes them to fall asleep (Carskadon et al., 1986). Sleep latency in normal adults is from 10 to 20 minutes with pathological sleepiness as a mean sleep latency of 5–6 minutes. This shorter latency to sleep onset suggests that the participant is experiencing a very strong drive to sleep during the day and indicates insufficient quality nighttime sleep (Carskadon & Dement, 2017).
Sleep quality in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorders
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2021
Dilşad Yıldız Miniksar, Mikail Özdemir
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI): PSQI is a 24 item questionnaire which was developed by Buysse et al. [17] in 1989 and was adapted to Turkish by Ağargün et al. [18] in 1996. The fifth and nineteenth items which are responded by the spouse/roommate of the participant are not included in the total score. The remaining eighteen items which are included in the overall score are examined in terms of the following seven components: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction. Subjective sleep quality corresponds to how the participant thinks about his/her sleep quality. Sleep latency is the amount of time it takes to fall asleep after going to bed. Sleep duration is the total amount of time obtained during the nocturnal sleep. Habitual sleep efficiency refers to the percentage of time in bed that one is asleep. Sleep disturbances refer to the problems experienced during sleep, such as snoring, coughing, hot flushes, and chills. Daytime dysfunction corresponds to the influence of sleep disorders on the activities of daily living. Each of the components has a score between 0 and 3. The sum of each component is the total score, which ranges between 0 and 21. An overall score of five or higher refers to poor sleep quality.
The Effectiveness of Bilateral Alternating Tactile Stimulation for Improving Sleep in Children with Sensory over-Responsivity
Published in Occupational Therapy In Health Care, 2021
Katherine McGhee, Emily Kidney, Kaelah Pou, Heather Pruyn Bouley, Stacey Reynolds
The following variables were measured using the ActiGraph: sleep latency, sleep duration, number of nighttime awakenings, and total sleep efficiency. Sleep latency refers to the time it takes to transition from wakefulness to sleep and was recorded in number of minutes. Sleep duration was quantified as total number of minutes spent asleep, and only included total time of a nocturnal sleep episode. Nighttime awakenings were recorded as any disruption to a nocturnal sleep episode lasting at least 60 seconds. Sleep efficiency was defined as the percentage of time spent asleep while lying in bed. Data on sleep duration, nighttime awakenings, and efficiency was retrieved from GT9X devices and calculated using ActiLife version 6.13.3. Sleep latency was calculated using both ActiGraph data and confirmed using information provided by parents in the sleep diary.
A novel machine learning unsupervised algorithm for sleep/wake identification using actigraphy
Published in Chronobiology International, 2020
Xinyue Li, Yunting Zhang, Fan Jiang, Hongyu Zhao
Sleep variables are also calculated based on PSG scored sleep epochs as well as HMM and AS scored sleep epochs from actigraphy and then compared. Total epochs scored are the same across the three methods, as we only used matched PSG and actigraph data. We computed total sleep time, sleep latency, wake time after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep efficiency. Sleep latency is defined as the time from lights out to first epoch of sleep. Sleep efficiency is defined as total sleep time divided by total time from lights out to lights on. These sleep variables were computed based on the data of each individual, and mean and standard deviation were reported. Pearson correlations and paired t-tests were used to compare PSG with HMM, AS, and UCSD for each of the sleep variables. Bland–Altman plots were also used to visually examine the degree of agreement of PSG with HMM, AS, and UCSD, respectively (Bland and Altman 1986). For each sleep variable, differences between two methods (y-axis) are plotted against their averages (x-axis). Each point represents one subject. A solid horizontal line shows the mean of the differences, and two dashed horizontal lines indicate the 95% limits of agreement. If actigraphy underestimates the sleep variable compared to PSG, the mean difference shown in the plot will be negative.
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