Eliminating Cumulative Sleep Debt and Sleep Satiation
Clete A. Kushida in Sleep Deprivation, 2004
It is widely accepted that when individuals undergo partial sleep deprivation on a night-after-night basis, they will become progressively more impaired. In recent years, the term “sleep debt” has been used to describe the total accumulation of lost sleep from such partial deprivation. By contrast, when a person obtains substantial extra sleep over and above the daily amount needed, the process has been called sleep satiation. A number of partial sleep deprivation studies have been carried out to study the effect of accumulated sleep loss, but there have been relatively few sleep satiation studies. To address issues involving sleep satiation, it will be necessary to clarify what is meant by chronic partial sleep loss, sleep debt, and sleep need, as well as extra sleep and sleep satiation. What is the best way to avoid the accumulation and consequences of sleep debt? How can we determine an individual’s daily sleep need and therefore establish what constitutes extra sleep? Is it possible to sleep beyond the point of satiety? These and others are important questions especially in the context of defining proper guidelines for sleep management in our 24 hrs/day-7 days-a-week society.
Adolescent Sleepiness
Mark A. Richardson, Norman R. Friedman in Clinician’s Guide to Pediatric Sleep Disorders, 2016
All of the physiological factors mentioned above contribute to the development of a DSPS, experienced to varying extents by the majority of adolescents. The concept of a DSPS is perhaps most easily illustrated by tracking typical teens in the fall as they transition from the freedom of a summer sleep schedule to the school year. At the end of the summer, the teens may be falling asleep between 11:30 p.m. and midnight, if not later, and sleeping the necessary 9.25 hours per night, having a wake-up time shortly after 8:30 a.m. Once school starts, students are required to wake up at 6:30 a.m., given early high school start times, and then sleep a maximum of seven hours per night. By Friday night, the accumulated sleep debt is at least 10 hours. Over the weekend, the sleep onset time may be later, because of social activity, and there is catch-up sleep late into the morning, with a total sleep time that may be extended up to 10 to 12 hours. Even if teens make up three hours of the sleep debt on each weekend night, they may still start the school week on Monday morning four hours sleepdeprived. By the end of the second week of school, the sleep debt may be as much as 14 hours, and a nonrelenting pattern of increasing sleep debt and daytime sleepiness ensues as the school year progresses.
Smith-Magenis Syndrome—A Developmental Disorder with Circadian Dysfunction
Merlin G. Butler, F. John Meaney in Genetics of Developmental Disabilities, 2019
Sleep disturbance is the single greatest correlate of maladaptive behaviors in SMS (11). Individuals with SMS face an increased sleep debt due to disrupted sleep patterns and diminished total sleep. Frequent and prolonged nighttime arousals (>15min) occur in 75% of cases. Insufficient night sleep translates into significant sleep debt during the day, a finding that is confirmed by MSLT studies (17,71) and actigraphy (55). Snoring and labored breathing at night were found to correlate with aggressive and acting out behaviors and attention problems (11). Awakening with bad dreams is often associated with acting out behavior, aggression, and anxiety/depression (11).
Sleep is something, not nothing: an interprofessional approach to sleep assessment and treatment to support substance use recovery
Published in Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 2023
Jennifer Gardner, Margaret Swarbrick, Robert H. Kitzinger
According to Tester and Foss (2018), sleep can be defined as a state of altered consciousness during which the body rests and restores itself. Tester and Foss further explain how sleep influences mood, behaviors, and energy levels while also being essential for participation in valued daily activities. Daily activities can be defined as the meaningful necessary or desired activities in which an individual engages that supports overall health and wellness (AOTA, 2020). The American Sleep Association (2022) outlines the recommended amount of sleep for the various age groups across the lifespan. Among adults aged 25 years to 90 years, the recommendation is seven to nine hours of sleep. When an adult does not engage in the proper amount of sleep over a period of time, sleep debt occurs, which is defined as the difference between the amount of sleep an individual needs and the amount they actually get (American Sleep Association, 2022; Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2022). Over time, as sleep debt increases, an individual’s brain and body functions begin to deteriorate, which then directly affects one’s level of participation and productivity (CDC, 2022). Sleep debt can be attributed to lifestyle choices, medical conditions, environmental factors and/or a combination of various factors.
Effects of two nights partial sleep deprivation on an evening submaximal weightlifting performance; are 1 h powernaps useful on the day of competition?
Published in Chronobiology International, 2019
Ellis J. Brotherton, Sarah E. Moseley, Carl Langan-Evans, Samuel A. Pullinger, Colin M. Robertson, Jatin G. Burniston, Ben J. Edwards
Participants were allowed 1-h to nap during the SDN. Upon waking from the nap at 14:00 h, they had 3 h until the weightlifting protocol began at 17:00 h, to allow for the effects of any sleep inertia to dissipate (which usually takes approximately 1-h). However, many factors are involved in the characteristics of sleep inertia and the severity and decay time course is related to (i) the duration of prior sleep and accumulated sleep-debt (Jewett et al. 1999; Stampi et al. 1990), but also (ii) the sleep stage prior to awakening—such that an abrupt awakening during a slow wave sleep (SWS) episode produces greater sleep inertia than awakening in stage 1 or 2; with REM sleep being intermediate (Tassi and Gilles 2000). That said, there is a small possibility that participants were still experiencing sleep inertia especially during the bench press, but not before the completion of the leg press repetitions (4 and 5 h after the nap, respectively). Lastly, the quality of the sleep during the nap in the current study was only verbally reported by the participants, hence the sleep or sleep stage was not measured or quantified. This was a limitation to the study and this measurement would be beneficial to include in future work, as the length of time allotted to the nap may not have been optimal.
Uncertain call likelihood negatively affects sleep and next-day cognitive performance while on-call in a laboratory environment
Published in Chronobiology International, 2018
Madeline Sprajcer, Sarah M. Jay, Grace E. Vincent, Andrew Vakulin, Leon Lack, Sally A. Ferguson
The quantitative EEG analysis of polysomnographic sleep outcomes also indicated that there were some changes in the ratio of low/high frequency power, specifically regarding REM and the lighter stages of sleep (N1, N2). However, these changes were mixed between conditions, with more slow-wave power in REM in the maybe condition, and in N1 and N2 in the definitely condition, indicating that there may be an effect of being on-call on slow-wave power. While there has been no research in healthy adults, research in sleep apnoea has demonstrated that increased delta power is associated with poorer cognitive performance (Vakulin et al. 2016). However, it appears that this increase occurs in individuals who are experiencing a higher sleep debt. As such, the increases in slow-wave power in this case may indicate that during on-call periods, individuals are accumulating a greater sleep debt, perhaps as a result of increased stress. However, as the differences found in this study were small, and did not solely increase or decrease within conditions, it may be that these findings are somewhat spurious, and are not necessarily related to any changes based on call likelihood.
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