Sleep–Wake Disorders
Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw in Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Six major categories of sleep disorders in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Third Edition (ICSD-3)2 are discussed in this chapter: Insomnia.Sleep-related breathing disorders.Central disorders of hypersomnolence.Circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorders.Parasomnias.Sleep-related movement disorders.
Classification of sleep disorders
S.R. Pandi-Perumal, Meera Narasimhan, Milton Kramer in Sleep and Psychosomatic Medicine, 2017
Hypersomnolence disorder requires a 3-month history of excessive sleepiness in the presence of significant distress or other impairment. Objective documentation by electrophysiological tests, such as the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), is not required. This diagnosis is coded along with any other concurrent mental, medical, and sleep disorder. Narcolepsy is defined as recurrent episodes of sleep that occur for at least 3 months along with one of three additional features, such as cataplexy, hypocretin deficiency, or polysomnographic features, either a sleep-onset rapid eye movement period (SOREMP) on a nighttime polysomnogram (PSG) or an MSLT that shows a mean sleep latency of 8 minutes or less and two or more SOREMPs. So narcolepsy can be diagnosed in DSM-V if just sleepiness occurs for 3 months and there is a SOREMP on the nocturnal PSG. This has the potential for leading to errors in diagnosis, as other disorders, including obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA), can produce similar features. Five subtypes of narcolepsy are specified according to: without cataplexy but with hypocretin deficiency; with cataplexy but without hypocretin deficiency; autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness and narcolepsy; autosomal dominant narcolepsy, obesity and type 2 diabetes; or secondary to another medical condition.
Long-term discharge planning in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation
Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda in Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Sleep disturbance is a relatively common complication following TBI. Sleep disturbance can be manifest in three primary problems (although a multitude of problems can be encountered): 1) sleep apnea/hypopnea, 2) periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), and 3) hypersomnolence (excessive daytime sleepiness). Interruption of sleep is a fairly common complaint following TBI and may be related to routine, diet, psychological issues, or sleep hygiene. Education should be provided regarding each of these impacts to the injured person and his or her caregivers as they may be most easily addressed. More complicated issues, such as sleep apnea/hypopnea, PLMD, and hypersomnolence, will require medical interventions. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to thoroughly review sleep disorders. Rather, the intent is to review some of the more common issues that may be encountered following TBI.
Potential Maladaptive Sleep-Related Cognitions in Depression with Comorbid Hypersomnolence: An Exploratory Investigation
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2021
Jesse David Cook, Meredith Ellen Rumble, Kieulinh Michelle Tran, David Thomas Plante
Despite the primary emphasis placed on the relationship between insomnia and depression, a sizable minority of patients with depression will experience hypersomnolence, broadly characterized by the presence of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), with normal to prolonged sleep duration, rather than insomnia (Kaplan & Harvey, 2009). As a symptom, hypersomnolence can also occur across a range of neurological, medical, and other psychiatric disorders. Similar to patients with insomnia, persons with hypersomnolence are extremely burdened by their symptoms, which often translates into significantly impaired functionality, poor socio-economic outcomes, negative health implications, and a deteriorated quality of life (Bayon, Léger, & Philip, 2009; Billiard & Dauvilliers, 2001; Ingravallo et al., 2012; Khan & Trotti, 2015; Ozaki et al., 2012; Sowa, 2016). Although it is likely that hypersomnolence and depression share a similar, bidirectional relationship to that of insomnia and depression (Kaplan & Harvey, 2009), no previous investigation has been conducted to assess whether dysfunctional sleep-related cognitions (SRCs) may exist in persons with depression and comorbid hypersomnolence (MDD+/HYP+).
Pharmacological options for narcolepsy: are they the way forward?
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Narcolepsy is a hypothalamic disorder of hypersomnolence that exacts a substantial toll on patients, their families, and society. Although it is rare, narcolepsy is associated with various medical and psychiatric comorbidities and an increased mortality rate [5,6,10]. Narcolepsy places a substantial economic burden on society due to high direct and indirect medical costs [11,12]. There is no known cure, and life-long treatment is needed. Pharmacological options are currently the most effective treatment for narcolepsy; lifestyle/behavioral measures are adjunctive. Current pharmacotherapies improve symptoms but do not modify the pathophysiologic course of narcolepsy.
Successful microvascular decompression surgery for dolichoectatic vertebral artery compression of medulla oblongata in a patient with hypersomnia disorder
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Mohammad Ghorbani, Maziar Azar, Karan Bavand, Hamidreza Shojaei, Reza Mollahoseini
The term hypersomnia is defined as excessive sleepiness when wakefulness is expected. Hypersomnia affects 4%–6% of the population, with an impact on the everyday life of the patients. It consists of 15–30% of people suffering from sleep problems with a higher prevalence among males.1 One of the main causes of hypersomnia is sleep apnea. It can be categorized as three types: central sleep apnea (CSA), obstructive sleep apnea and mixed type.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Alertness
- Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Distress
- Epworth Sleepiness Scale
- Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
- Fatigue
- Neurological Disorder
- Sleep Disorder
- Wakefulness
- Seasonal Affective Disorder
- Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders