Emerging legal and ethical issues in reproductive technologies
Yann Joly, Bartha Maria Knoppers in Routledge Handbook of Medical Law and Ethics, 2014
The World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that infertility is ‘a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse’ (WHO 2013a). Moreover, the WHO’s definition of health as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’ (2013b) was applied in the following way in the context of reproductive health: Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. Reproductive health therefore implies that people are able to have … the capacity to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. Implicit in this last condition are the rights of men and women to be informed and to have the right of access to appropriate healthcare services that will … provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant.(Glasier et al. 2006: 1596)
Introduction
Jane M. Ussher, Joan C. Chrisler, Janette Perz in Routledge International Handbook of Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2019
According to the World Health Organization, health, including sexual and reproductive health, is not simply the absence of disease. It is “a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being” (WHO, 1948). Reproductive health includes the reproductive system and its processes and functions at all stages of life; it is a crucial part of general health and human development. It is key during adolescence and early adulthood, sets the stage for women’s health beyond the reproductive years, and affects the health of the next generation, as the health of infants is largely a function of their mothers’ health and access to reproductive health care. Sexual health includes the enhancement of quality of life and intimate relationships; it is not merely access to counselling and treatment of sexually transmitted infections or dysfunctions.
The decriminalisation of abortion in Colombia as cautionary tale. Social movements, numbers and socio-technical struggles in the promotion of health as a right
Emily E. Vasquez, Amaya Perez-Brume, Richard G. Parker in Social Inequities and Contemporary Struggles for Collective Health in Latin America, 2020
However, during discussions in the Constitutional Court the amici curiae of the PRI failed to be recognised as a legitimate source of scientific data and the court did not recognise its expertise. A citation analysis of the court’s ruling shows that while the Guttmacher reports are repeatedly used as a source of information, the PRI is not quoted once (see Maldonado, 2014). The PRI could not obtain the same legitimacy as AGI. The institute has a well-established reputation as a non-profit organisation devoted to the study and analysis of policy in sexual and reproductive health. It works closely with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international organisations such as the UNFPA. However, as I will show in the last section the anti-abortion movement has improved its technical skills, producing improved engagement with statistics and numbers to legitimise their political agenda.
Factors influencing Indonesian women's use of maternal health care services
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2018
Anna Kurniati, Ching-Min Chen, Ferry Efendi, Sarni Maniar Berliana
In this study, the use of contraception associated with both ANC and PNC contacts. Family planning practice reflects women's autonomy in accessing reproductive health service that may also encourage the increased use of other maternal care services (Fotso, Ezeh, & Essendi, 2009; Woldemicael, 2010). Conversely, women may adopt the family planning because of the information received from the health providers during their ANC and PNC contacts. Likewise, place of residence is an influential factor to the ANC and PNC uptakes in our study which is consistent with studies elsewhere (Tarekegn et al., 2014; Tsawe et al., 2015). With easier access to health care services, urban women are more benefited in receiving ANC, institution-based delivery, and PNC services than rural women. Increasing availability and accessibility of maternal health care services in rural areas would be a significant strategy to promote the utilization.
Reproductive and Sexual Health in Males with Physical, Hearing, and Vision Disabilities
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2021
Ergül Aslan, Zehra Acar, Büşra Yılmaz
Counseling for family planning is an essential part of sexual and reproductive health care. Providing contraceptive services for individuals with disabilities may require appropriate contraception-based decisions for the individuals, taking account of the nature of their disability and the characteristics of different contraceptive methods (making contraceptive decisions, when to start contraceptive use, which method to use, the duration of use) (Höglund & Larsson, 2019). A study with disabilities determined that 67.4% of males with disabilities experienced sexual intercourse, with only 35% using contraceptives during their first intercourse, 59% having multiple sexual partners, and 24% having a history of STDs (Kassa et al., 2014). Another study on participants with hearing disability showed that 87% had heard of at least one contraceptive method, with the known methods being condoms in 59% and pills in 37%, and 37% reporting to have used condoms in their last sexual intercourse (Rusinga, 2012). Another study on adolescents with disabilities reported that the individuals knew of at least three modern methods; the most well-known and used method was the condom (Burke et al., 2017). Similarly, in the present study, it was determined that the vast majority of the males with physical disabilities knew at least one contraceptive method; the most commonly method was the condom.
Medical pluralism in maternal health-seeking behavior of rural women in Southern Ecuador
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2021
Jessica Arnold, Julia Flint, Sharon Casapulla, Claudia Nieto, Mario J. Grijalva
Our data analysis consisted of an initial round of holistic coding (Saldaña, 2016) of all transcripts and field notes followed by subsequent rounds of thematic coding (Saldaña, 2016), which we used to construct the final narrative. Themes are broad units of information that consist of several codes aggregated to form a common idea (Creswell, 2013). Each member of our team independently reviewed each code’s associated data and created separate code taxonomies that we compared with one another to produce a final code family. Through this inductive approach, we established a framework of thematic networks aimed to understand mothers’ health seeking behavior during pregnancy. In observing and discussing mothers’ processes, actions, and interactions regarding maternal health practices, we established the following themes: (1) Access to Maternal Health Care, (2) Birth Location, (3) Maternal Experiences, (4) Traditional Maternal Health Care, (5) Biomedical/Traditional Care Intersections, and (6) Supplementation of Women's Reproductive Health.
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