The Reproductive System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
The most common intrinsic mass within the scrotum is hydrocele (hydro- = water; -cede = hernia), a condition characterized by excessive accumulation of normal fluid within the tunica vaginalis testis (the peritoneal covering of the testis) resulting from inflammation or reduced resorption. Hematocele is an accumulation of blood in the tunica vaginalis. Spermatocele (also called spermatic cyst), unlike hydrocele and hematocele, occurs in the epididymis, not the tunica vaginalis, and it contains sperm; an epididymis cyst also occurs in the epididymis, but it differs from a spermatic cyst in that it contains clear fluid rather than sperm.
Scrotal bullet
Alisa McQueen, S. Margaret Paik in Pediatric Emergency Medicine: Illustrated Clinical Cases, 2018
Penetrating wounds to the lower abdomen, pelvis, penis, rectum, and upper thighs may involve the scrotum due to anatomical proximity. GSWs to the lower extremities are commonly associated with scrotal wounds. A thorough examination to determine entrance and exit wounds in addition to careful inspection of the scrotal skin for lacerations and ecchymosis is necessary. Any penetrating trauma through the dartos layer has a high association of testicular injury. Significant pain with marked edema localized to the testicle or scrotum requires early surgical consultation. Assess the testicular lie and tenderness, the cremasteric reflex, and quality of the femoral artery pulses. The presence of a hematocele (blood within the tunica vaginalis but outside of the tunica albuginea) is concerning for a testicular rupture and ultrasound is recommended. Scrotal edema/ecchymosis may also be caused by blood tracking from an intra-abdominal injury through a patent processus vaginalis.
Ultrasonography of the Bovine Reproductive System: Ultrasound Management of the Male Reproductive System
Juan Carlos Gardón, Katy Satué in Biotechnologies Applied to Animal Reproduction, 2020
Hematocele is an accumulation of blood between the leaves of the vaginal tunic. To the ultrasound initially it appears anechogenic, with diverse echogenic points (red blood cells). At an advanced stage, hyper-echogenicity will appear. The cause may be testicular trauma or torsion of the testicles. In the case of bacterial contamination of unhydrocele or hematocele, a piocele may develop, which echographically resembles a snowstorm: an anechoic background with a series of echogenic points (Gnemmi, 2007; Gnemmi and Lefebvre, 2009, 2010).
MRI image features and differential diagnoses of Herlyn–Werner–Wunderlich syndrome
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2020
Jinlong Zhang, Shengfang Xu, Lei Yang, Yue Songhong
The preoperative MRI findings of the patients in this study were consistent with the clinical diagnosis after surgery, and the diagnostic coincidence rate of preoperative MRI examination for HWSS was 19/19 (100%). Among them, 16 cases were vaginal oblique septum type I (Figure 1), and 3 cases were vaginal oblique septum type II (Figures 2 and 3). The MRI showed a double uterus and a double cervix combined with renal agenesis on the affected side. The images showed a vagina connected to the cervix on the affected side with a hematocele and dilatation. T1WI showed high signal intensity and T2WI showed low or mixed signal intensity. The uterine cavity was enlarged, and there were no obvious abnormalities in the contralateral uterus. A partial low-signal diaphragm shadow was seen in the upper and middle vaginal segments, but not in the lower segments (Figure 1 and 2). MRI coronal view of 19 patients clearly showed ipsilateral renal absence with obstruction, including 5 cases on the left and 14 cases on the right. All patients were diagnosed with HWSS by preoperative MRI. Other pelvic complications: 1 case with cervical dysplasia and right kidney and ureter absence, 3 cases of merger right ovarian endometriosis cyst, 1 case of merger of uterine adenomyosis, 1 case of luteinized follicular cyst of the right ovary, 1 case with fallopian tubes and pelvic abscess, 1 case of merger right ovarian hematomas, confirmed in postoperative pathologic results. In this study, there were 3 cases with mild increase of CA199 by laboratory examination and then returned to normal according to the postoperative follow-up report.
Canaloplasty – Efficacy and Safety in an 18-Month Follow Up Period, and Analysis of Outcomes in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Pigmentary Glaucoma and Pseudoexfoliative Glaucoma
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2022
Monika Łazicka - Gałecka, Anna Kamińska, Tomasz Gałecki, Maria Guszkowska, Jacek Dziedziak, Jerzy Szaflik, Jacek P. Szaflik
Other frequently observed complications after surgically induced astigmatism were micro hematocele (below 1 mm) in 11 eyes, hematocele (above 1 mm) in 10 eyes and increased IOP in 13 eyes. Micro hematocele persisted for 2 days on average, and after 7 days was observed only in one eye (1%). In the case of hematocele, after 7 days, the presence of blood in the anterior chamber was observed in seven patients (10%). Blood was completely absorbed within 1 month.
Non-surgical treatment for hematocele in the bladder associated with ascites puncture in a patient with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a case report
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2021
Xue Ke, Yong-Hong Lin, Fang Wang
In our case, the diameter of the puncture needle was 17-gauge, and the bladder perforation was small. If the bladder puncture wound can be timely recognized during the procedure, the needle can be removed with no further clinical consequence [14]. At present, the incidence of hematuria after oocyte retrieval has been reported in literature (0.1%) [15]. It is only mentioned in Paolo’s article in which the incidence of bladder trauma was 0.008% post-OR [9]. In our reproductive center, the following treatments were used in the past for patients with hematocele in the bladder after oocyte retrieval, aspiration of ovarian endometrioma, and hydrosalpinx puncture. The first treatment was transurethral bladder blood clot removal under epidural anesthesia plus cystoscopic electrocoagulation hemostasis; however, this procedure requires anesthesia, which increases the patient’s concern, suffering, and economic burden. The second treatment was continuous bladder irrigation. The traditional mode of continuous bladder irrigation is to select a point on the drainage bag connected to the ureter for disinfection, and then the infusion needle is directly penetrated into the drainage bag and connected with the bladder irrigation solution. After irrigation, the drainage bag is replaced, but the frequent replacement of the drainage bag may lead to infection. In addition, the low liquid flow leads to poor removal of blood clots in the bladder that have been formed for a long time. According to the literature, the treatment of bladder hematocele can also be open surgery to remove blood clots, chymotrypsin irrigation, or other methods [16]. However, bladder injury caused by egg collection is mostly penetrating trauma, which often does not require open surgery. Chymotrypsin injection has not been widely used in clinical practice. Apul et al. [17] reported that mechanical aspiration was performed on 18 patients with hemotocele of bladder. The operation time was controlled within 5–60 minutes and the cure rate was 100%. For patients with OHSS who have undergone egg collection and ascites puncture within a short term and did not experience relief of OHSS symptoms, the thought of repeated operation will panic them and their anxiety will be aggravated if cystoscopy is performed with epidural anesthesia plus transurethral bladder blood clot removal. After disease assessment, intermittent manual irrigation under B-ultrasound guidance can serve as a conservative treatment for such patients.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Testicular Pain
- Abdominal Cavity
- Scrotum
- Blood
- Body Cavity
- Potential Space
- Tunica Vaginalis
- Testicle
- Malignancy
- Injury