The dental prosthesis
Marshall Joseph Becker, Jean MacIntosh Turfa in The Etruscans and the History of Dentistry, 2017
Gender segregation, a form of that category of behaviors that in anthropology is termed “avoidance,” involves specific cultural rules requiring respectfully avoiding specific sets of interactions with categories of people of opposite gender who are not kin, or who are assigned to specific kinship groups (e.g. “father’s sisters”). These rules help to minimize stresses in cases of ambiguous social obligation. One of the most common “avoidance” rules around the world (cross-cultural) involves the relationship between a man and his wife’s mother. The well-known and normal stresses in this relationship are specifically avoided by rules in some cultures including complete avoidance (do not speak with, look at, dine with). In contemporary American society, aspects of this “avoidance” survive in its weakest form. What is called a “joking avoidance” in anthropology refers to those weak avoidance relationships in which minor stresses between affines (relatives by marriage) of opposite gender are subjects to be laughed at or ridiculed—like “mother-in-law jokes.”
Cultural Factors Enriching Palliative Care in the Middle East
Kathleen Benton, Renzo Pegoraro in Finding Dignity at the End of Life, 2020
Unlike in Western society, free interaction between the opposite sexes is discouraged. Usually, healthy gender segregation is the norm once children reach the age of adolescence. In Islam, any relationship with the opposite gender should be purposeful. The institution of marriage is highly respected, forms the basis of society, and is the only acceptable relationship between an unrelated man and woman. Even 1400 years ago, as the scriptures suggest, Muslim women held their dignity and were usually shy around men; however, they were confident enough to work and address men when necessary. The Quran and the teachings of Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) have highly emphasized respecting and protecting women. The etiquette and rules of gender interaction extend to all fields, which also includes healthcare.
Reflections on the Relation Between Sex-Typed Behavior in Childhood and Sexual Orientation in Adulthood
Robin M. Mathy, Jack Drescher in Childhood Gender Nonconformity and the Development of Adult Homosexuality, 2020
Empirical observation has also identified a variety of behavioral sex differences in children that have been subsumed under the construct of gender role. Common domains studied have included parameters such as affiliative preference for same-sex vs. opposite-sex peers, roles in fantasy play, toy and activity interests, dress-up play, and interest in rough-and-tumble play. Consider, as an example, peer affiliation preference. Many normative, developmental studies have shown that, when left to their own devices, boys prefer to play with other boys and girls prefer to play with other girls (Maccoby and Jacklin, 1987). Cross-sex peer affiliation preference is relatively uncommon. For example, using a questionnaire item on “favorite playmates,” it was found that only 3.0% of boys and 2.5% of girls (age range, 3-12; total N = 504) were judged by their mothers to have a cross-sex playmate preference (Johnson et al., 2004). Indeed, the phenomenon of same-gender affiliation preference is so powerful that it came to be known as “gender segregation” in the developmental literature (Maccoby, 1998). Thus, in studies of childhood sex-typed behavior in homosexual men and women, various researchers have sought to identify whether or not there was evidence for an “inversion” in sex-dimorphic play and behavior.
Weaker association between hearing loss and non-employment in recent generations: the HUNT cohort study
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2023
Astrid Ytrehus Jørgensen, Bo Engdahl, Ingrid Sivesind Mehlum, Lisa Aarhus
In addition, women confirmed not doing their job properly due to hearing problems more than men. Possible reasons for our findings are explored here. Some occupations have a higher proportion of men whilst others a higher proportion of women. This situation has been labelled ‘occupational gender segregation’ (Alonso-Villar et al., 2012). Data from SSB showed that 80.4% of health and social workers were women (Statistics Norway, 2008), whereas for construction workers only 8.7% were female (Statistics Norway, 2007). For most health and social workers, oral communication constitutes a major part of their work. Although oral communication has a role within construction, it would not be considered a major factor in construction work. This shows how occupational gender segregation may explain the tendency of women with HL reporting to experience hearing related job problems more than men with HL. A recent personality research study examined how occupational segregation can be attributed to psychological differences between men and women (Wright et al., 2015). Perhaps this difference might also contribute to how a HL affects their perceived work performance.
Gender bias in the evaluation of interns in different medical specialties: An archival study
Published in Medical Teacher, 2022
Roy Adar, Rotem Kahalon, Johannes Ullrich, Arnon Afek, Vered H. Eisenberg
In the last decades women’s labor-force participation patterns in most Western countries have shifted (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2018). Initially, the job-market was characterized by a between-field gender segregation—men were overrepresented in occupations requiring physical strength, and analytical/technical skills, while women were mostly represented in occupations requiring social and nurturing skills. Today, more and more women are entering formerly male dominated fields. This has led to the new phenomenon of within-field gender segregation, with women dominated subfields emerging in formerly male dominated occupations (Levanon and Grusky 2016). Within-field gender segregation is well documented in medicine. Women mostly specialize in residencies that are considered as requiring more social skills, such as Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, and Pediatrics, but are underrepresented in surgical fields, which are mostly occupied by men (Kilminster et al. 2007; Alers et al. 2014; Burgos and Josephson 2014; Abelson et al. 2016). This segregation, which exists across countries (Buddeberg-Fischer et al. 2006; Fukuda and Harada 2010; Abelson et al. 2016; Pelley and Carnes 2020), can be problematic both for society—when women's residential choices do not match real systemic needs (i.e. lack of surgical trainees in Japan and Canada; (Scott et al. 2008; Fukuda and Harada 2010)–and for women’s career options and future income (Buddeberg-Fischer et al. 2006; Jena et al. 2016), as surgeons are usually better compensated than non-surgical physicians (Weaver et al. 2015).
Gender inequality in Internet images: A case study of Iranian healthcare occupations in Google images
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2022
Amrollah Shamsi, Hadiseh Heidari, Mohammad Javad Mansourzadeh
Despite the fact that women have been rapidly absorbed in higher education and employment in recent decades, studies indicate gender gap in various occupation groups, and men are more committed to gender stereotypes than women (Adachi, 2013; Lampousaki, 2010) with a more traditional approach that contributes to further gender gap (Suzuki, 1994). Statistics showed that almost 6.3% of architectural and engineering managers (https://www.bls.gov/cps/aa2014/cpsaat39.pdf) and 27% of CEOs in the United States are women (Kay et al., 2015). Also, in healthcare, nurses are a prominent example of gender inequality in occupations and it is obvious that male nurses are a minority in the world (Achora, 2016). Munnich and Wozniak (2017) find out that only 13% of nurses in the United States were male in 2013. In a study by Ginevra and Nota (2017), adolescents perceived most occupations with gender-segregated stereotypes. Therefore, dealing with gender segregation of occupations should be considered from an early age.
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