Embryology of the Female Urogenital System and Clinical Applications
Linda Cardozo, Staskin David in Textbook of Female Urology and Urogynecology - Two-Volume Set, 2017
The pronephros develops At the fourth week And differentiAtes into the mesonephric ducts And the mesonephros. The mesonephros consists of glomeruli And tubules, which open into the mesonephric (WolffiAn) ducts derived from the pronephric ducts. The mesonephric ducts extend cAudAlly And drAin into the cloAcA [1], And An outgrowth of the ducts neAr their insertion At the cloAcA gives rise to the ureterAl buds (Figures 22.6 And 22.7) [35,36]. The ureterAl buds grow crAniAlly until they contAct the metAnephric mesenchyme At which point A series of complex reciprocAl interActions between the bud And the mesoderm result in differentiAtion to the metAnephros And ultimAtely A functioning kidney; fetAl urine production is evident by the ninth week of gestAtion. The initiAtion locAtion of the ureterAl bud is criticAl for the formAtion of the trigone,
Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Lesions in Male Reproductive Organs Following Perinatal Exposure to Hormones and Related Substances
Takao Mori, Hiroshi Nagasawa in Toxicity of Hormones in Perinatal Life, 2020
Various studies in our laboratory have pointed to the fact that the mesonephric duct, as well as the Müllerian duct, is a target for DES.16-18 In fact, in adult female mice18 and humans16 exposed prenatally to DES, hyperplastic mesonephric remnants are a common finding. The relationship of these dysmorphogenic mesonephric structures to the pathogenesis of hyperplastic or neoplastic disease in the female is still being studied. The findings, however, raise the possibility that structures derived from the mesonephric ducts or tubules may be dysplastic in male offspring. Byskov19,20 attributes the rete system to mesonephric tubular origin. Therefore, the rete testis, a clearly definable adult structure apparently derived from mesonephric tubules, was evaluated for hyperplastic or neoplastic changes in male CD-I mice exposed prenatally to DES (100 jxg/kg) on days 9 through 16 of gestation.
Prostate Development: Mechanisms for Opposite Effects of Low and High Doses of Estrogenic Chemicals
Rajesh K. Naz in Endocrine Disruptors, 2004
Between the seventh and eighth week of gestation in humans, and around gestation day 12 in mice, Leydig cells in the developing testes begin production of androgens, with testosterone being the major androgen secreted throughout sexual differentiation.35–37 Testosterone secreted by each testis mediates differentiation of the ipsilateral Wolffian (mesonephric) duct system. Testosterone in the circulation mediates development of the UGS and external genitalia (Figure 12.2). Secretion of Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH) by the Sertoli cells, which line the seminiferous tubules, suppresses the development of the Müllerian (paramesonephric) duct ipsilateral to each testis. Estrogen antagonizes the action of MIH, while testosterone facilitates the action of MIH.38
MRI image features and differential diagnoses of Herlyn–Werner–Wunderlich syndrome
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2020
Jinlong Zhang, Shengfang Xu, Lei Yang, Yue Songhong
HMMS is caused by abnormal partial fusion of the bilateral paramesonephric duct with the low incidence of 0.1–3.8% [1–4], and the embryonic development is as a hot topic for research throughout the world. Its main characteristics are a double uterus, double cervix, and double vagina and complete or incomplete atresia of one vagina. HMMS is often accompanied by an oblique septum side kidney and ureter agenesis or other syndromes characterized by genitourinary malformations. The mesenchyme–mesoderm structure becomes the urogenital ridge at about the fifth week of embryonic development, and the mesonephric and Mullerian ducts are gradually formed. For females, the former develops into the urinary system, while the latter develops into the reproductive system. The development of the Mullerian ducts depends on that of the mesonephric duct. When one side of the mesonephric duct is not fully developed because of various factors, development of the ipsilateral Mullerian duct will be affected, which can result ina series of deformities of the kidney, ureter, uterus, and vagina [3–8]. Abnormal muller's disease will lead to infertility, frequent abortion, premature rupture of placenta, premature rupture of fetal membrane, placenta retention, postpartum hemorrhage, fetal abnormal performance, intrauterine growth restriction, increased fetal mortality and other obstetric complications. Recent cases of HWWS complicated with spontaneous abortion, fetal abnormality and premature birth have been reported.
A case report of first hearing loss, then painful menarche: a young girl with Herlyn–Werner–Wunderlich syndrome (OHVIRA syndrome) and concomitant inner ear anomalies
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Ayşe Ö. Balık, Buket Yağcı, Murat Özoğul, Fisun Vural
Approximately, 10% of all Mullerian ducts anomalies are caused by HWWS (Cox and Ching 2012). The Mullerian canals move towards the midline and then fuse to create uterus, cervix and upper part of the vagina in the eighth to ninth week of embryogenesis. In the case of when the mesonephric duct is absent, the Mullerian duct is displaced laterally and cannot fuse with the contralateral duct, resulting in a didelphic uterus. The contralateral Mullerian duct gives rise to the vagina, whereas the displaced Mullerian duct that cannot come into contact with the urogenital sinus centrally forms a blind sac, leading to an imperforate or obstructed hemivagina. Ipsilateral renal agenesis is the part of the syndrome. Therefore, mesonephric duct evolution anomalies may be the reason for unilateral renal agenesis with imperforate hemivagina (Zhou et al. 2014).
Clinical Presentations and Diagnostic Imaging of VACTERL Association
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Gabriele Tonni, Çağla Koçak, Gianpaolo Grisolia, Giuseppe Rizzo, Edward Araujo Júnior, Heron Werner, Rodrigo Ruano, Waldo Sepulveda, Maria Paola Bonasoni, Mario Lituania
In VACTERL, anatomical anomalies must occur between the 23rd and 56th day post-conception, as this embryological window is critical for the development of the vertebrae (23-32 days), heart, tracheoesophageal structures, forearm bones (29-41 days), and anorectal region (45-56 days). Malsegmentation of the vertebrae is the result of timing abnormalities in the segmentation clock. Anorectal and tracheoesophageal defects are due to disturbed mesodermal proliferation and migration, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, and apoptosis. Radial aplasia can be caused by impairment in laying down, condensing, or chondrifying the angle of the radius. Renal and urinary tract anomalies may be the result of failed growth of the ureteric bud, metanephric mesenchyme, and mesonephros/mesonephric duct. Cardiac defects involve altered cardiac septal development, as atrioventricular septal defects and tetralogy of Fallot defects are common [13].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Physiology
- Seminal Vesicles
- Embryology
- Epididymis
- Vas Deferens
- Animal Embryonic Development
- Male Reproductive System
- Genitourinary System
- Mesonephros
- Cloaca