Hypocrisy, Consistency and Opponents of Abortion
Nicholas Colgrove, Bruce P. Blackshaw, Daniel Rodger in Agency, Pregnancy and Persons, 2023
Framing Lovering’s argument using our structure yields the following:Were opponents of abortion consistent, they would adopt at least one frozen embryo.Opponents of abortion fail to adopt at least one frozen embryo.Therefore, opponents of abortion are inconsistent.The OBO considers if there are other beliefs that opponents of abortion hold that block the inference in the first premise. There are numerous possibilities. For example, a common belief among Catholics is that embryo adoption is a morally impermissible method of saving embryos. Nicholas Tonti-Filippini argues that impregnation of adopted embryos is a violation of bodily integrity, as it uses “her as an object, because it lacks the meaning and character of marriage that dignifies being impregnated” (2003, p. 132). Clearly, opponents of abortion who share the belief that embryo adoption is a morally impermissible means of saving embryos are being consistent with their beliefs by not adopting one.
Central Connections of the Nuclei of the Vagus Nerve
Sue Ritter, Robert C. Ritter, Charles D. Barnes in Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents, 2020
A large step forward was made when methods were developed to trace the extent of long fiber connections in the central nervous system. For many years such methods were based upon degeneration of fibers after experimental lesions were made of the fiber tract or cell bodies or, conversely, by looking for atrophic changes in the cell bodies after fiber tract lesion. Thus, terminal fields of fiber tracts could be examined by making use of stains that recognize deteriorating myelin sheathes (e.g., the Marchi method) or terminal boutons. Silver impregnation methods such as that developed by Glees and elaborated by Nauta and Gygax and Fink and Heimer have proved to be very useful in this regard and are still occasionally in use. These methods do have some serious disadvantages, however, such as the length of time needed to perform some of them (it is not unusual for such methods to take many weeks after the initial experimental lesion to yield a useful result). Furthermore, lesions will interrupt fibers of passage as well as fibers intrinsic to the pathway of interest. This problem is still not completely overcome by more modern methods. The original techniques also have limited sensitivity; for example, some will not detect unmyelinated fibers at all. Slight alterations in some of the techniques will delimit only subpopulations of axons, for example, only those of a certain diameter, therefore one must be careful in attempting any quantification of fiber numbers in case the tract of interest contains a heterogeneous population of axons.
The Fascial Net Plastination Project
David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey in Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
Two different approaches were employed to test the defatting process on the superficial fascia of the abdomen, which was divided into two pieces, a left and a right half. The first approach was applied to the left half, using solely the high-temperature acetone baths to dissolve the lipids, or fats, which is one of the standard steps in the plastination process. The second approach was applied to the right half, pretreating the specimen with a pressing tool covered in metal pins creating dozens of small holes, and then massaging and squeezing the fat lobules free. Hot water and dish soap were also used to aid in the squeezing process. Six months later, after the dehydration, defatting, and vacuum-forced impregnation steps were complete, the results showed surprisingly very little difference between the two specimens. Some destruction of the honeycomb-like structure was only slightly visible on the pretreated half. This damage was caused by all the extra hole-poking and squeezing, making it the less desired result in the end. The untreated specimen defatted well from the high-temperature acetone bath alone, which meant larger portions of superficial fascia would likely also plastinate well with no additional preparation and successfully create a whole-body plastinate with large amounts of superficial fascia left in place.
Adsorption of water pollutants using H3PO4-activated lignocellulosic agricultural waste: a mini review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Lawal Sirajo, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
From Table 1, the impregnation ratios of 1:1 (Yakout and Sharaf El-Deen 2016), 1:2 (Li et al.2015) and 2:5 (Mi et al.2015) render ACs of surface area ranging from 190 to 1016 m2/g. The effect of concentration or impregnation ratio would be marginal if the material in H3PO4 solution is not completely dried before activation. Usually, the term “chemical treatment” is used in-lieu of “impregnation” to represent the immersion step for a certain period of time and temperature without the drying step. The material that has been removed from the solution is either washed with distilled water or directly subjected to carbonization at elevated temperature. In either case, the fraction of H3PO4 attached to the material surface would not be representative to the concentration or impregnation ratio employed, so compromising the pore drilling process during activation and the adsorptive properties of AC. After the immersion period, the mixture is slowly and completely dried at 110 °C overnight before activation at higher temperatures (Canales-Flores and Prieto-García 2020; Yang et al.2020). In activation, the acid attacks hemicellulose and lignin, hydrolyzing the glycosidic linkages to produce polysaccharides (hemicellulose), and slicing the skin ether bonds of lignin (Jagtoyen and Derbyshire 1998; Yagmur et al.2008; Gokce and Aktas 2014; Xu et al.2021). The reactions may be accompanied by dehydration and condensation, and evolution of CO/CO2 and methane (Xu et al. 2021).
3D printing in the design of pharmaceutical dosage forms
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
E. B. Souto, J. C. Campos, S. C. Filho, M. C. Teixeira, C. Martins-Gomes, A. Zielinska, C. Carbone, A. M. Silva
For pharmaceutical application, the selected filaments must either be impregnated with API or reprocessed by Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) to incorporate it. In any case, the higher the concentration of API, the higher the influence on the rheological properties of the filaments which may compromise the quality of the extrusion process (Jonathan and Karim 2016). This requirement for upstream processing alongside with its slow printing speed and the need for heating the filaments are the most critical factors of this technology, contributing for the success of the extrusion. While impregnation does not require for APIs to be exposed to the high temperatures necessary for the reprocessing of these filaments, it often uses organic solvents which may be toxic and difficult to remove. Besides, yields of drug loading in impregnation processes are usually low (usually around 1–2% w/w), limiting this process to low-dosage forms. Its advantages in comparison to other printing systems include the wider range of starting-materials available for use in extrusion methods, its simplicity and versatility and the low cost of the equipment needed (Norman et al. 2016).
Quantitative human health risk assessment along the lifecycle of nano-scale copper-based wood preservatives
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2018
Danail Hristozov, Lisa Pizzol, Gianpietro Basei, Alex Zabeo, Aiga Mackevica, Steffen Foss Hansen, Ilse Gosens, Flemming R. Cassee, Wim de Jong, Antti Joonas Koivisto, Nicole Neubauer, Araceli Sanchez Jimenez, Elena Semenzin, Vrishali Subramanian, Wouter Fransman, Keld Alstrup Jensen, Wendel Wohlleben, Vicki Stone, Antonio Marcomini
Dispersed Cu2(OH)2CO3 nanoparticles were obtained from PlasmaChem GmbH, Berlin, Germany. In the process of formulating an impregnation solution, the basic copper carbonate was wet milled until it reached nano-sized grade. The Cu2(OH)2CO3 was combined with water, stabilizers, and co-biocides to make the stock solution. Small wood blocks were then immersed/soaked in this impregnation dispersion. This was adequate for research purposes, but on industrial scale pressure impregnation is typically carried out in steel cylinders or retorts. The wood is loaded on special tram cars and moved into the retort, which is then closed, evacuated and subsequently filled with preservative solution. Then pressure forces the preservative into the wood until the desired amount is absorbed.
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