Efficacy of Neurofeedback for Pain Management
Mark V. Boswell, B. Eliot Cole in Weiner's Pain Management, 2005
Three main strategies of remediation have emerged in the field. The first targets known physiological mechanisms such as the alpha and sensorimotor rhythm. This was historically the first approach and is referred to as mechanisms-based training. It still dominates the field, and benefits from the most robust literature support. The second strategy attempts to normalize steady-state EEG deviations as discerned by comparison with normative databases. This is referred to as QEEG-based training. As it is very strongly data-driven, this approach has flourished particularly in the medical applications such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, dementia, and seizure disorder. Finally, an approach based on brain function as a nonlinear dynamical system has emerged, in which the targets are dynamically established through a multivariate assessment of the quality of self-regulation manifested in the EEG at any moment. This is referred to as NLD-based training. There has now been considerable cross-fertilization between these disparate approaches, and the distinctions among them will be obscured in what follows. We refer the reader to other resources for more detailed discussion. The entire issue of Clinical Encephalography, 31(1), January 2000, is devoted to neurofeedback and serves as a comprehensive reference (see also Othmer, 2002a, b).
Evolutionary Biology of Parasitism
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin in Parasitology, 2015
In Chapter 2 we defined a species as a group of individuals with similar properties that are able to interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring and that don’t regularly interbreed with other species. As noted in that chapter, multiple species definitions exist, and no one definition applies to the multitudes of different kinds of parasites. Essential to the process of speciation is that a group of organisms with a common gene pool that is recognized as a particular species is divided into two populations, such that the populations no longer have gene pools in common. Assuming that the gene pools remain distinct and are not later conjoined by the processes of migration, crossbreeding, and gene flow, then it is likely the populations will diverge. Divergence might result from accumulated changes arising by chance (genetic drift), by the accumulation of different mutations, or by different selective regimes experienced by the two populations. If this divergence is accompanied by the development of isolating mechanisms that preclude cross-fertilization between the two diverging populations such that their gene pools remain distinct, then speciation has occurred.
Evolutionary Biology of Parasitism
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin in Parasitology, 2023
In Chapter 2 we defined a species as a group of individuals with similar properties that are able to interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring and that don’t regularly interbreed with other species. As noted in that chapter, multiple species definitions exist, and no one definition applies to the multitudes of different kinds of parasites. Essential to the process of speciation is that a group of organisms with a common gene pool that is recognized as a particular species is divided into two populations, such that the populations no longer have gene pools in common. Assuming that the gene pools remain distinct and are not later conjoined by the processes of migration, cross-breeding and gene flow, then it is likely the populations will diverge. Divergence might result from accumulated changes arising by chance (genetic drift), by the accumulation of different mutations or by different selective regimes experienced by the two populations. If this divergence is accompanied by the development of isolating mechanisms that preclude cross-fertilization between the two diverging populations such that their gene pools remain distinct, then speciation has occurred.
Partnerships for better neglected disease drug discovery and development: how have we fared?
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
A partnership is perceived to be beneficial. It means pooling of expense, knowledge, and resources and conducive to cross-fertilization. Academia–pharma partnership has long been considered as essential in addressing unmet health needs [33]. Despite the difference in priorities or incentives, for example, to publish (for academia) or to patent (for pharma), these institutional barriers are superficial and can be overcome. For the public sector, the benefit of being in a partnership, in the long run, includes securing fund, sustain academic drug discovery capabilities, and improve value from publicly funded research. For the pharmaceutical industry, the public relations incentives alone can boost its credibility and even more if the subject area of partnership is relevant to its strategic directions.
Rehabilitation interventions after traumatic brain injury: a scoping review
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Unni Sveen, Rikke Guldager, Helene Lundgaard Soberg, Tone Alm Andreassen, Ingrid Egerod, Ingrid Poulsen
The main contributor of TBI rehabilitation articles was the US (39.8%). Other Anglo-Saxon countries (e.g., Australia, UK and Canada) were highly represented along with other countries publishing in English-language journals, (Table 2). The relative lack of English-language articles from countries such as France (1.2%) and Germany (1.0%) indicates that parallel research discussions could be occurring in other languages; Germany has pioneered rehabilitation strategies. It is assumed there are under-utilized opportunities for cross-fertilization. The relatively high number of relevant research articles from the Scandinavian countries of Sweden, Norway and Denmark (12.9%) suggests two things: frequent publication in English-language journals and a high level of focus on TBI research. The proportional per capita contribution of Scandinavia vs the US is 3 to 1.
Editorial to the Monographic Issue: The development of hearing and language during the first years of life
Published in Hearing, Balance and Communication, 2022
Judit Gervain, Patrizia Trevisi
Cross-fertilization between the two research areas is thus timely and has the potential to break new ground in basic research as well as to advance applied, clinical and translational research with a highly positive impact on society. Recent technological advances in both auditory prosthetics and neuroscience have paved the way for this interdisciplinary and synergistic approach. Cochlear implanting, for instance, has provided an unprecedented window into the plasticity of the auditory system and the brain, while various imaging techniques have now made it possible to track neural dynamics in response to sound with previously unequalled temporal and spatial precision both at the auditory periphery and in the central nervous system. Results obtained with these novel techniques all converge to suggest that the development of hearing as well as the development of language have critical periods early in life. Research into this unique window of neural plasticity is thus extremely important.
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