Mental health in Pakistan
Dinesh Bhugra, Samson Tse, Roger Ng, Nori Takei in Routledge Handbook of Psychiatry in Asia, 2015
The median age is 22.2, with 34 per cent of the population under the age of 15, and only 4.3 per cent over the age of 65. Urbanization is growing at the rate of 3 per cent a year and 36.2 per cent of the population lives in urban areas. The five major cities of Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi and Islamabad have populations of 13.12 million, 7.13 million, 2.84 million, 2.02 million and 0.8 million respectively (2009). The overall population is growing at a rate of 1.52 per cent a year (2013 estimate), with a birth rate of 23.76 births per 1,000 (2013 estimate). Ethnically, the population consists of Punjabi 44.68 per cent, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42 per cent, Sindhi 14.1 per cent, Sariaki 8.38 per cent, Muhajirs 7.57 per cent, Balochi 3.57 per cent and others 6.28 per cent. Religious groupings include Muslim (official) 96.4 per cent (Sunni 75 per cent, Shia 20 per cent) and others (including Christian and Hindu) 5 per cent. The main languages spoken are Punjabi 48 per cent, Sindhi 12 per cent, Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10 per cent, Pashtu 8 per cent, Urdu (official) 8 per cent, Balochi 3 per cent, Hindko 2 per cent, Brahui 1 per cent, English (official lingua franca of the Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski and other 8 per cent.
Population and demographics *
Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse in Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
The most significant demographic consequence of low birth rates is the unprecedented aging of their populations. The projected aging of Japan is a dramatic example. Today one fourth of Japan’s population is in the age group 65 and over; that is projected by the Japan government to rise to 39 percent by 2050 (JNIPSSR, 2014). This “medium” projection assumes that the birth rate will remain constant at 1.4 children per woman and that a modest amount of immigration will lessen population decline to some extent. Total population is projected to decline from 127 million currently to 97 million by 2050, with the decrease accelerating rapidly after that. While aging in Japan is the most extreme, projections for other developed countries are similar. By 2050, one third of the population of Germany, Italy, and Spain, among others, is projected to be aged 65 and over. Countries with higher birth rates, such as France and the US, should experience less aging, rising to one fifth to one fourth of their populations of 65 and over by 2050.
Global health
Kevin McCracken, David R. Phillips in Global Health, 2017
Health in the developing world from 1950 onwards also benefited from the initiation of national family planning programmes. While the primary focus of these programmes was to bring about fertility decline, they also had health benefits, in particular for women and children. With less frequent childbearing and wider birth intervals, women were less exposed to maternal health risks and better able to give care to the children they did have. In fact, from originally starting out as stand-alone, purely fertility-reducing initiatives, family planning programmes came to be ever more integrated with maternal and child healthcare activities. General economic and social development also contributed to falling birth rates. The relationship between fertility decline and health also worked in the reverse direction. As infant and child mortality declined, couples could see that the ‘replacement’ and ‘insurance’ births that had been necessary for earlier generations to achieve a desired number of surviving children during high-child-loss times were no longer essential. Between 1950 and 2015 the average total fertility rate for the developing world fell from 6.2 to 2.6 children per woman. In parallel fashion, the infant mortality rate dropped by close to 80 per cent.
Thalassemia in Pakistan
Published in Hemoglobin, 2022
Sehar Khaliq
The estimated population of Pakistan is approximately 225,663,392 (225 million). The birth rate is 21.9 births/1000 population. There are four provinces and people belong to various ethnicities. The largest ethnic group are the Punjabi, who account for 44.7% of the total population, followed by the Pashtun (Pathan) at 15.4%, Sindhi 14.1%, Sariaki 8.4%, Muhajirs 7.6%, Balochi 3.6%, and others account for the remaining 6.3%. The religion of Pakistan is Islam (94.0% of the population). The GDP is US$305 billion, with the health budget being 2.6% of GDP. The sex ratio at birth is 1.05 males:females. The literary rate among males is 72.5%, while in females it is approximately 51.8%. Sixty-four percent of the total population lives in rural areas, while 36.0% were found to reside in urban areas [1].
The effect of endometrial scratch on pregnancy outcomes of frozen-thawed embryo transfer: a propensity score-matched study
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Xiao Han, Linli Hu
The primary outcome measures were implantation rate and live birth rate while the secondary outcome measures were human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-positive rate, biochemical pregnancy rate, clinical pregnancy rate, multiple pregnancy rate, miscarriage rate, and ectopic pregnancy rate. Implantation rate referred to the ratio of the total number of gestational sacs to the total number of embryos transferred. Live birth rate was calculated as the ratio of the number of live-born events divided by the number of transferred cycles. Serum β-hCG level was measured at 14 and 18 days after embryo transfer. Biochemical pregnancy was defined as positive hCG (>5 U/L) without ultrasound evidence of a gestational sac. Clinical pregnancy was defined as at least one intrauterine gestational sac detected by ultrasound 35 days after embryo transfer. Multiple pregnancy rate was achieved by dividing the number of patients with more than one gestational sac detected by ultrasound by the total number of clinical pregnancies. Miscarriage rate was equal to the number of abortions before 20 weeks divided by the number of clinical pregnancies cycles. Ectopic pregnancy rate was the number of patients with extrauterine gestational sacs observed by ultrasound divided by the number of all confirmed pregnancies.
Effect of intrauterine infusion of platelet-rich plasma for women with recurrent implantation failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Haiyu Deng, Suqing Wang, Zhijie Li, Lingfei Xiao, Ling Ma
Live birth rate was defined as the number of live birth events (>24weeks of gestation) divided by the number of ET cycles. Live birth rate was reported in four studies (n=871; 428 cases and 443 controls) (Coksuer et al. 2019, Safdarian et al. 2020, Nazari et al. 2022, Xu et al. 2022). The meta-analysis demonstrated a significantly higher live birth rate in women treated with PRP compared to controls (RR=2.83, CI [1.45, 5.52], p=0.0007). There was evidence of high heterogeneity between studies (I2=83%) (Figure 3(a)). Sensitivity analysis showed the robustness of the pooled RR, ranging from RR 1.93, CI [1.43, 2.59] to 3.49. When one study that used stringent inclusion criteria (Nazari et al. 2022; patient age ≤ 38years versus < 40years, serum FSH level ≤10 mIU/mL on day 2 or 3 of the menstrual cycle, exclusion of patients with PCOS and OHSS, which may result in a higher rate of euploid embryos) was excluded, effect size was similar but there was no evidence of heterogeneity between studies (RR=1.93, CI [1.43, 2.59], p<0.0001, I2=0%) (Figure 3(b)).
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