Infrared Photography
Adrian Davies in Digital Ultraviolet and Infrared Photography, 2017
Thermal imaging records images in the IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum from around 9000nm to 14000nm. As IR is emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero according to the ‘black body radiation’ law, thermography makes it possible to see one’s environment as a heat map, with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, so thermography allows one to see variations in the temperature emitted from an object. When viewed through a thermal imaging camera, warm objects stand out well against cooler backgrounds; humans and other warm-blooded animals become easily visible against the environment, day or night. As a result, thermography is used particularly for military applications and by other users of surveillance cameras, as well as by firefighting organisations, for example.
Biofield Devices
Len Wisneski in The Scientific Basis of Integrative Health, 2017
IR light lies between the visible and microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, in the region from approximately 700 nm to 300 μm [46]. The IR light emitted or absorbed by molecules corresponds to their vibrational dynamics, making IR spectroscopy an important tool for studying chemical composition, protein structure [47], and a variety of other structure–function relationships in biology [48]. IR light emission is also used as a measure of the temperature of objects, and is especially convenient for measuring the temperature of warm-blooded organisms, which radiate most strongly at a wavelength of about 12 microns [49]. Thermal imaging using IR thermography (IRT) has a wide range of scientific, industrial, and military applications, and a variety of medical uses. Biological and metabolic activity generates small amounts of heat, and changes in muscular activity, subcutaneous blood flow, and perspiration patterns in specific body parts can be detected using IRT [50]. IRT is also commonly used in screening for fevers due to infectious diseases such as SARS and influenza.
Infertility Diagnosis and Treatment
Sujoy K. Guba in Bioengineering in Reproductive Medicine, 2020
where λ is the wavelength, ε(λ) the emissivity equal to unity for a black body, and C1 and C2 are constants. A part of the energy is in the infrared frequency range of 2 × 1012 to 3 × 1014 Hz. Intensity of emission in the infrared range is a measure of the temperature of the body. If the emission from individual small areas of the surface of the body can be determined then the temperature profile over the body is obtained. Infrared thermography is commonly carried out by a scanning process. A single infrared detector gives an electrical output proportional to the infrared energy intensity falling on the device. Infrared emissions from small areas on the surface of the object studied are selectively focused onto the detector (Figure 4.9). One of the ways of doing so is to have scanner comprising of a moving mirror and a rotating wheel acting as a beam chopper. As infrared energy from a specific area is directed to the detector the electrical output of the detector is converted into a light intensity at the corresponding X-Y coordinate on a television monitor. If in this manner the entire surface is scanned and television monitor retains the light intensity points, a two-dimensional image representing the temperature profile is obtained.
Thermal analysis of laser irradiation-gold nanorod combinations at 808 nm, 940 nm, 975 nm and 1064 nm wavelengths in breast cancer model
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2021
Leonardo Bianchi, Rachael Mooney, Yvonne R. Cornejo, Emiliano Schena, Jacob M. Berlin, Karen S. Aboody, Paola Saccomandi
Starting from our results, future studies should investigate the optimization of the laser settings parameters to guarantee safe treatment margins [55,56], through the assessment also of the internal tumor temperature change during irradiation. Concerning the temperature monitoring approach utilized in the present study, thermographic imaging has been exploited thanks to its noninvasive nature and the possibility of accurate and real-time monitoring, which make it an excellent solution for the evaluation of the attained superficial temperature. However, with such a technique the internal temperature change is not possible to assess. Thus, other temperature monitoring methods should be employed to evaluate the temperature in the tumor volume. For instance, it could be assessed by the use of thermocouples and minimally-invasive fiber optic sensors, which have already shown promising results for thermal monitoring during PTT of breast tumor models [20,21]. Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging has been presented to enable the reconstruction of two- and three-dimensional thermal maps to attain an estimation of temperature change of the cancerous region and the surrounding healthy tissue during PTT [57].
Experimental and numerical diagnosis of fatigue foot using convolutional neural network
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Abbas Sharifi, Mohsen Ahmadi, Mohammad Amin Mehni, Saeid Jafarzadeh Ghoushchi, Yaghoub Pourasad
Anbarian and Esmaeili (2016) studied foot fatigue on new-comer runners. The experiment is conducted before and after running about the mediolateral force. García-Pérez et al. (2013) studied the relationship between fatigue and foot pressure. This study experimented with the fatigue of foot in states of running on a treadmill with specific shoes. Choi and Lee (2015) studied the impact of reflexology of foot massage on fatigue, stress, and depression. They experimentally studied some women's feet in postpartum. Results show the positive effect of reflexology massage on fatigue relief. Prabhu and Verma (2019) studied diabetic foot using segmentation techniques. They used pathophysiologic, thermal, and vascular conditions of the human body. The results of the clinical experiment show that IR thermography can diagnose diseases and their treatment. Paul et al. (2018) investigated foot muscular fatigue with the use of several types of shoes. The used ANOVA analysis to detect the effects. Kashitani (2013) presented an image processing system and method to determine object position and recognizing them. There are limited approaches to predicting foot fatigue using computer methods (Liu et al. 2015). Brehler et al. (2019) provided an automated model for the segmentation of feet. They used an active shape model to analyze foot alignment. Their presented method enhanced the accuracy of Volumatic images of organs.
Infrared thermography reveals effect of working posture on skin temperature in office workers
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2018
Roope Lasanen, Markus K.H. Malo, Olavi Airaksinen, Jari Karhu, Juha Töyräs, Petro Julkunen
Surface electromyography (sEMG) is the most commonly used method for measuring work-related muscle activation and fatigue [17–21]. sEMG records the electrical activity produced by muscles. Infrared thermography (IRT) is an alternative technique that has developed in recent years; IRT can be used to measure the skin temperature [22]. IRT has been demonstrated to be able to detect muscle fatigue [23] and soreness [24]. However, until now IRT has not been applied to evaluate sitting ergonomics. Bartuzi et al. [23] found that IRT measurements correlated with EMG at low levels of contraction and thus could be used as an alternative method for measuring work-related muscle activation. In addition, Costa et al. [25] found that both the intra-rater and the inter-rater reliability of infrared image analysis were excellent in an evaluation of upper trapezius muscle temperature. Because it is a non-invasive imaging modality, IRT is an interesting technique for medical diagnostics.
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