Constipation
Linda Cardozo, Staskin David in Textbook of Female Urology and Urogynecology - Two-Volume Set, 2017
normAl colonic trAnsit is defined As >20% mArkers At 12 hours And <80% At 120 hours [36]. AlternAtively, different shAped rAdiopAque mArkers Are ingested At 0, 24, And 48 hours And An AbdominAl x-rAy is tAken At 120 hours [37,38] (Figure 63.5). by counting the number of different shApes remAining, A speciAl formulA is used to estimAte the trAnsit time. PAtients Are Asked to hAve high-fiber diet (20–30 g/dAy) And Avoid lAxAtives, enemAs, or medicAtions thAt Affect the bowel during the study. excessive retention of mArkers in the rectum mAy infer outlet obstruction, rAther thAn slow trAnsit; 60% of pAtients with dyssynergic defecAtion hAve excessive retention of mArkers [39]. GAstrointestinAl TrAnsit ScintigrAphy scintigrAphy cAn be used to Assess the whole gAstrointestinAl trAct or colonic trAnsit [35]. Liquid or solid lAbeled with 111In or 99mtc is ingested And scAnned sequentiAlly over hours to Assess gAstric emptying And smAll bowel trAnsit [40,41]. Colonic trAnsit scintigrAphy is used to meAsure regionAl colonic trAnsit by swAllowing A pH-sensitive cApsule contAining 111In Absorbed on ActivAted chArcoAl thAt is releAsed in the terminAl ileum. This will clArify if the pAtient hAs diffuse or locAlized dysmotility [42]. scintigrAphy cAn be useful when considering surgicAl treAtment. WMC A smArtPill wireless motility cApsule (WMC) is ingested with pH, temperAture, And pressure sensors Allowing A noninvAsive
Child Abuse
Michael J. Thali M.D., Mark D. Viner, B. G. Brogdon in Brogdon's Forensic Radiology, 2010
bilateral injuries. Scintigraphy demands good positioning and, consequently, sedation. The whole-body radiation dose is 2.5 times higher with scintiscanning, the examination is more expensive than routine radiography, and it takes much longer to get the results. Further, throughout the land it is relatively easy to obtain radiographs at any hour of the day or night with reasonably competent personnel to perform them. While this is true of scintigraphy in certain institutions, it is by no means universally available. Consequently, in most areas of the United States, radiography is the examination of choice for injuries of the musculoskeletal system with supplemental CT or MRI as indicated for head injuries. In institutions where radiography and scintigraphy are equally available, then the choice of modality rests entirely with the radiologist in charge, as it should with all other similar diagnostic decisions.?
Multicentre Studies
Michael Ljungberg in Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
A series of national QC studies were performed to evaluate clinical renal scintigraphy studies. Because this study involved the imaging of a rapid redistribution of activity in the body, it was extremely difficult to create a physical phantom that mimicked blood flow through the kidneys into the bladder in a realistic manner. An alternative method is to create a pharmacokinetic model that mimics 99mTc-MAG3 and then simulates dynamic imaging. For this, the pharmacokinetic model developed by Brolin and colleagues [54] was referred to. Because the model maintained the total activity, the Poisson noise level added after the simulations in certain regions of the image was correct. Figure 27.5 shows simulated renography projections of six time points for a camera with perfect spatial resolution and a camera with realistic attenuation and scatter effects as well as collimator resolution with Poisson noise added.
Effect of toxoplasmic infection on the biodistribution of a brain radiopharmaceutical
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
João Cláudio da Costa Urbano, Ranny Beatriz de Carvalho Holanda Leite, Renan Leopoldo Pereira Castro, Clarice Maux Vianna da Silva, Joelma Maria de Araújo Andrade, Cláudio Bruno Silva de Oliveira, Vanessa Santos de Arruda Barbosa, Valter Ferreira de Andrade-Neto, Cecília Maria de Carvalho Xavier Holanda
Thus, considering the various consequences of the toxoplasmosis in the CNS of newborns and immunocompromised patients, it is necessary to use the modern technologies of neuroimaging for the evaluation of patients with congenital toxoplasmosis and neurotoxoplasmosis (Kliegman et al. 2014). The exams of the nuclear medicine, such as the scintigraphy, can be very helpful for this purpose. The nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that uses drugs marked with a radiopharmaceutical as a diagnostic tool in 90% of human diseases (Saha 2010). A variety of nuclear medicine imaging techniques provides effective methods for the detection and assessment of both clinically apparent and occult infections and inflammatory conditions. Rather than representing organ-specific techniques, these procedures use radiopharmaceuticals that localize preferentially in inflamed or infected tissue in any location in the body (Backer 2005). The scintigraphy is used for anatomofunctional analysis of organs and systems in patients with diseases (Saha 2010). Thus, the brain scintigraphy help detects active inflammatory lesions and their consequences in the CNS due to the parasite (Skiest 2002; Kliegman et al. 2014; Mc Auley 2014).
Comparative studies on the potential use of 177Lu-based radiopharmaceuticals for the palliative therapy of bone metastases
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Hesham M. H. Zakaly, Mostafa Y. A. Mostafa, Darya Deryabina, Michael Zhukovsky
The absorbed dose in bone tissue for different types of cancer using the same drug will be different. The difference is due to the different proportions of osteoblastic and osteolytic activity in the lesions, bone density, blood flow in the tumor, the presence of intra-tumor necrosis or hypoxia and the number and size of metastatic lesions. It is noted that the absorbed dose in the bone marrow of patients with prostate cancer is much higher than with breast cancer (A. Wilky 2013). Therefore, it is particularly important to conduct scintigraphy during treatment to monitor the distribution of the drug and to correct the dosage of the radiopharmaceutical. At the moment, activity can only be corrected at the initial stage of therapy in order to vary the activity of the drug depending on the weight of the patient. To obtain optimal efficacy in relation to the drug 153Sm-EDTMP’s toxicity, injection activity was adjusted for a specific patient as 37 MBq/kg weight. Finally, from the obtained results and in comparison, with others, 177Lu-EDTMP and 177Lu-MDP are presented as the recommended radiopharmaceuticals for bone metastases.
The comparison of the resistivity index values in the ultrasonographic evaluation of a unilateral atrophic/hypoplastic kidney
Published in Renal Failure, 2020
Tahir Dalkiran, Yasar Kandur, Besra Dagoglu, Hatice Saki, Sukru Gungor, Sevcan Ipek
The great value of dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy in distinguishing pyelonephritis/atrophy/scars/hypoplastic kidneys has been previously recognized [6]. However, scintigraphy is an expensive examination that is not readily available in all centers, and it also exposes a patient to radiation. On the other hand, renal Doppler investigation is a rapid, noninvasive, painless, safe, and radiation-free technique, which may substantiate subtle renal blood flow changes by using intrarenal resistive index (RI) and allow differentiation of various renal pathophysiological conditions [7–9]. The differentiation of atrophic and hypoplastic kidneys is of clinical importance due to the likelihood of the former to progress. We hypothesized that RI might be a useful marker to differentiate hypoplastic and atrophic kidneys.
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