Translating the Medical Record
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Nuclear studies utilize radionuclide imaging to allow visualization of organs and regions that cannot be seen on X-ray film. Computerized radiation detection equipment such as scintillation detectors to locate gamma rays is used. Radiopharmaceuticals (radioisotopes, radionuclides) disperse throughout an area to show differences between normal and diseased tissue. Also, very small amounts of radioactive substances may be administered to a patient so that body fluids and glands can be examined for concentration of radioactivity. Examples of this are scans of the heart, bones, brain, liver/spleen, and lung, as well as the Schilling test and radioactive iodine uptake (RAI). Positron emission tomography (PET), known as pet scans, combines use of positron-emitting isotopes and emission-computed tomography to measure tissue function in a given region of the body. A SPECT technique, single-photon emission computed tomography, provides a three-dimensional image from a multiple view composite.
Urinary system
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha in Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
Often functional assessment is required for complete evaluation and radionuclide imaging tests form the basis of this: DMSA scan for renal size, divided renal function and scarring.Radionuclide renogram (MAG3 or DTPA renogram) to determine individual dynamic renal function and to estimate the ability of each renal tract to drain effectively.Indirect micturating cystourethrography (MCUG) to assess VUR in children able to void.Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) using pulsed fluoroscopy is frequently used to assess the lateralisation and severity of VUR when planning treatment and to exclude posterior urethral valves in boys.
Health Technology Assessment and Policy for Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast
Raymond Taillefer, Iraj Khalkhali, Alan D. Waxman, Hans J. Biersack in Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast, 2021
The major goal of differentiating between benign and malignant breast lesions is to improve patient selection for biopsy. Radionuclide imaging of the breast is proposed to reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies and the inconvenience and pain associated with performing those biopsies. Also, does the use of radionuclide imaging of the breast to guide decisions about performing biopsies improve health outcomes? Similarly, if the predictive value of radionuclide imaging of the breast is high, it can also reassure patients of the absence of disease. Alternatively, if a patient refrains from biopsy of an undetected malignancy based on a false-negative radionuclide imaging of the breast, the patient may miss the treatment benefits associated with identifying early-stage disease. This represents a negative health outcome (harm). These considerations must be in light of comparisons to mammography and ultrasound as well as other scintigraphic techniques utilized for breast imaging (201T1, 111 "In pentetreotide [Octreoscan], and ""Tc IMMU-4 [CEA-scan]).
Recent progress in LyP-1-based strategies for targeted imaging and therapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Ningning Song, Lingzhou Zhao, Meilin Zhu, Jinhua Zhao
Radionuclide imaging is an important tool for diagnosis in the clinic due to its high sensitivity and excellent signal quantification (Bailey & Willowson, 2014). LyP-1 was labeled with 131I via a tyrosine added at their N-termini for separating the nuclide from sequence. In this study, the tumor area could be clearly detected by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging at 6 h after intravenous injection of 131I-LyP-1 in tumor-bearing mice with MDA-MB-435 cells, and the ratios of tumor to muscle and tumor to blood were 6.3 and 1.1, respectively. However, the 131I-control peptide (CGGGGGGGC) did not show these advantages (Yu et al., 2013). In another study, researchers prepared [4-14C]-cholesterol labeled LyP-1-targeted liposomes containing phosphatidylethanolamine polyethylene glycol2000 (PE-PEG2000) or PE-PEG750 (to evaluate the effect of PE-PEG length on the interaction of liposomes-anchored moieties to receptors) and administrated them to tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice with B16-F1 cells. The results showed that the greatest accumulation of 14 C occurred in the tumor, spleen, liver and lungs, while liposomes containing PE-PEG2000 or PE-PEG750 did not show remarkable differences in the biodistribution in tumors or other organs (Herringson & Altin, 2011).
Theranostic approaches in nuclear medicine: current status and future prospects
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Luca Filippi, Agostino Chiaravalloti, Orazio Schillaci, Roberto Cianni, Oreste Bagni
Although theranostics is involving a growing number of scientific disciplines, especially in the field of nanotechnology [3], this innovative medical approach is deeply connected with nuclear medicine. Radionuclide imaging, in fact, offers the unique opportunity to detect and quantify the expression of a specific tumor biomarker through the use of a certain radiopharmaceutical labeled with isotopes emitting radiations suitable for imaging and, subsequently, the same radiopharmaceutical can be labeled with a radionuclide emitting alpha or beta particles to obtain a tumoricidal effect [4]. In this scenario, the radioactive iodine (131I) perhaps represents the oldest application of theranostics, since post thyroidectomy ablation of residual differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is based on the fact that thyroid follicular cells can incorporate 131I, which is both a gamma (i.e. diagnostics) and beta emitter (i.e. therapy) [5]. Thus, the same element can be used for the detection of iodine-avid residual thyroid tissue and for therapeutic purposes.
Cardiotoxicity in pediatric lymphoma survivors
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2021
Neha Bansal, Chaitya Joshi, Michael Jacob Adams, Kelley Hutchins, Andrew Ray, Steven E. Lipshultz
Radionuclide imaging (RNI) has been proposed and studied for screening systolic function in lymphoma survivors exposed to radiotherapy and/or anthracyclines [119–123]. This modality may be less dependent on the operator compared to echocardiography and some feel may thus be more objective, especially for comparing change over time. Cardiac perfusion and the effect of exercise on perfusion is also possible, providing quantitative information on existing damage to the heart and future MI risk. RNI’s major disadvantage compared to echocardiography is that it involves the use of ionizing radiation, albeit small doses, but the idea of which can be a barrier to survivors. RNI also cannot evaluate valvular function. Finally, LVEF as measured by echocardiography and RNI are not directly interchangeable [120,123].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Gamma Camera
- Positron Emission Tomography
- Radioactive Decay
- Scintigraphy
- Transmittance
- Radiology
- Radiant Exitance
- Functional Imaging
- Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography
- Radiopharmaceutical