Echocardiography of the Aortic Valve
Mano Thubrikar in The Aortic Valve, 2018
Two-dimensional echocardiography offers an advantage over M-mode echocardiography because it identifies cardiac anatomy. Unlike the series of wiggles and waves seen in M-mode, in 2-D echocardiography one sees tomograms or cross sections of the structure. The aortic valve is studied by placing a transducer on the anterior chest wall along the left sternal border. Recently, however, some studies have been performed with the transesophageal technique in which the transducer is placed in the esophagus.5 The transducers used for two-dimensional echocardiography could be either phased array sector scanners or mechanical scanners.6 In a long axis view (i.e., when the plane of scanning is parallel to the long axis of the aorta), one can see the left ventricle, the left atrium, and the aortic root (Figure 7). By turning the transducer 90°, one can obtain a short axis view where the plane of scanning is perpendicular to the long axis of the aorta. The aortic root, the left atrium, the right atrium, and the right ventricle can be seen in this view (Figure 8).
Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies: Clinical Complications Reported in Medical Literature
E. Nigel Harris, Thomas Exner, Graham R. V. Hughes, Ronald A. Asherson in Phospholipid-Binding Antibodies, 2020
Not infrequently these lesions are clinically undetectable and only echocardiography will reveal their presence. Two-dimensional, in addition to M-Mode echocardiography investigation is often necessary and this technique has resulted in greatly increased sensitivity.13 Lesions not demonstrable by M-Mode may be detectable with the more refined two-dimensional method. Mitral thickening was detected in 3 to 8% of patients with SLE when M-Mode was used alone in two studies.14,15 The addition of the two-dimensional technique in one study revealed mitral valve thickening in 6 out of 20 patients16 while another study demonstrated valvular abnormalities in 21% of SLE patients.17
Echocardiographic Features of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Srilakshmi M. Adhyapak, V. Rao Parachuri in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, 2020
This modality is the oldest in terms of its application, but is still relevant and of great utility in present-day echo assessment of HCM [9]. The superior temporal resolution makes it perfect for observing the timing of events during the cardiac cycle. Measurements are often made from a good parasternal long-axis view using appropriate sweep speeds (50–100 mm/s). It is frequently used in identifying the presence and severity of systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve (MV), premature closure of the aortic valve (mid-systolic notching), and also for measuring IVS and LV posterior wall thickness. A major limitation of M-mode echocardiography is that non-perpendicular measurements lead to erroneous values and misinterpretations.
Abdominal aortic calcification score can predict all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Jiuxu Bai, Aihong Zhang, Yanping Zhang, Kaiming Ren, Zhuo Ren, Chen Zhao, Qian Wang, Ning Cao
All enrolled patients were scanned with two-dimensional-guided M-mode echocardiography, which was performed by a cardiologist who was blinded to the patient’s clinical and laboratory data. The HD patients underwent echocardiography after the first dialysis session of the week. The M-mode measurements included the left atrial dimension (LAD), left ventricular end-diastolic internal dimension (LVDd), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), and interventricular septal wall thickness (IVST). Left ventricular mass (LVM) was calculated by means of the Devereux formula, and the ratio of the LVM to the body surface area (BSA) was used to determine the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) [11]. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was defined as LVMI > 115 g/m2 (men) and > 95 g/m2 (women) [12]. The LV ejection fraction was obtained using a modified biplane Simpson’s method from apical and four-chamber views. From the mitral valve inflow velocity curve using pulsed wave Doppler, the ratio of the E wave and A wave (E/A ratio) was calculated [13].
Echocardiography in a critical care unit: a contemporary review
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2022
Muhammad Mohsin, Muhammad Umar Farooq, Waheed Akhtar, Waqar Mustafa, Tanzeel Ur Rehman, Jahanzeb Malik, Taimoor Zahid
Hypovolemic shock is the presence of inadequate organ perfusion caused by intravascular volume loss in acute settings [2,53]. This causes a drop in preload and cardiac output and reduces micro- and macrocirculation, leading to negative tissue metabolism and an inflammatory reaction [2,54]. Assessment of intravascular volume, although pertinent in all types of circulatory shock, is particularly used as a starting point in hypovolemic shock [55]. In contemporary practice, a clinician can assess volume status on 2D and M-mode echocardiography. LV collapse at the end of systole implies severe hypovolemia and a fixed bowing of atrial septum toward the right chambers means adequate fluid resuscitation was given [56]. However, these signs are not specific to intravascular fluid status.
Subclinical cardiovascular dysfunction in children and adolescents with asthma
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2022
Zeynep Karakaya, Özlem Cavkaytar, Öykü Tosun, Mustafa Arga
M-mod trace was obtained from the point where the tricuspid annulus was joined to the lateral free wall in the apical four-chamber view for the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) measurement. The mitral and tricuspid pulsed Doppler signals were recorded in the apical four-chamber view, with the Doppler sample volume placed at the tip of the mitral valve. Pulse wave sampling volume was placed on the corner of the left ventricle, which is next to the mitral lateral leaflet in apical four-chamber view, in order to obtain left ventricle TDI. Epiq 7 c Matrix Philips Echocardiography Systems (Eindhoven, The Netherlands) S 5-1 probe was used for echocardiography. Echocardiography settings were as follows: gain and filter minimal, compress and reject maximum, velocity range −30 and +30 cm/min, and sampling volume width 5 mm. The end expiration apnea period was used so that measurements were not affected by respiration. The Doppler trace obtained by this method was used to record the isovolumetric contraction time (ICT), isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT), and ejection time (ET) which were used to calculate the myocardial performance index (MPI) (MPI = ICT + IRT/ET). M-mode echocardiography was used to assess the function of LV, both during systole as well as during diastole.
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