The pathophysiology of primary headache
Stephen D. Silberstein, Richard B. Upton, Peter J. Goadsby in Headache in Clinical Practice, 2018
Placement of an electrode into the region of the periaqueductal grey matter can evoke a migraine-like headache.167 Cells in the same region can be activated after superior sagittal sinus stimulation.168 Contingent negative variation (CNV), an event-related slow cerebral potential, is increased in amplitude and its habituation is lacking in patients with migraine without aura (Figure 5.13).169–-171 Furthermore, CNV is under aminergic control and normalizes after treatment with beta-blockers.172 The visual evoked potential is augmented rather than habituated in migraine patients when studied between attacks.173 These clinical observations taken together provide important components of the human data that argue that migraine is a disorder of the central nervous system.
History of Neurofeedback
Hanno W. Kirk in Restoring the Brain, 2020
Whereas all of the above developments took place in the United States, a very different method of neurofeedback was being developed by a research group under Niels Birbaumer in Tübingen, Germany. The discovery in 1964 of the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), a transient negative excursion of the surface potential in preparation for a response, soon led to further observation that the CNV could be subjected to voluntary control. That, in turn, led to successful control of the baseline SCP through operant conditioning techniques.59 As the SCP appeared to reflect cortical excitability directly, the method was applied to the management of medically uncontrolled seizures, migraine, and even schizophrenia. The emphasis in research, however, has been on ADHD, as in the case of EEG band training.60
Associative Plasticity Induced by a Brain–Computer Interface Based on Movement-Related Cortical Potentials
Chang S. Nam, Anton Nijholt, Fabien Lotte in Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook, 2018
The first demonstration of a slow MRCP was reported by Walter in 1964. Participants were required to press a button in response to a series of flashes (the imperative cue) that occurred 1 s after a warning stimulus (a single clicking sound). This resulted in a slow negative potential that was termed the contingent negative variation (CNV) (Walter et al. 1964). Generally, motor acts can be considered as either responses to external stimuli and thus reactions to our environment or volitional and thus spontaneous actions on the environment. The latter may also be guided by a stimulus (e.g., thirst will prompt us to drink a glass of water) though this is internally motivated. Thus, while reactions will induce a CNV, spontaneous actions are accompanied by a different type of slow cortical potential, the Bereitschaftspotential (BP) (Kornhuber and Deecke 1965). Both the CNV and the BP may be referred to as an MRCP, which is the term we will use in the remaining of the chapter. The initial slow shift in the MRCP is attributed to the planning and preparation of the impeding movement while the more rapid change is thought to reflect the execution of the movement itself.
Chronic stress and anticipatory event-related potentials: the moderating role of resilience
Published in Stress, 2020
One of the critical cognitive processes involved in successful adaptation to the environment is anticipation, that is, the ability to predict an upcoming event and approach behavior (Brunia, 1999; Knutson & Greer, 2008; Wynn et al., 2010). Previous research has indicated that the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a key region in the regulation of stress, is important for anticipatory behaviors (de Araújo Costa Folha et al., 2017; de Kloet et al., 2019). The contingent negative variation (CNV), sometimes called the expectancy wave, is associated with anticipatory processing and motivation to prepare a subsequent behavioral response (Bekker et al., 2004; Brunia, 1999). Neurophysiological studies have indicated that at least two slow waves are hidden in the CNV: the early wave (CNV1) and the late wave (CNV2). The CNV1 amplitude is thought to reflect neural activities for orienting to the cue and may be related to anticipation of an upcoming stimulus (Mulder et al., 2002; Rohricht et al., 2018), and the CNV2 amplitude is thought to reflect neural activities for motor preparation (Jonkman et al., 2003).
The association between slow cortical potentials preceding antisaccades and disturbances of consciousness in persons with paraphilic sexual behaviour
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2019
Anna V. Kirenskaya, Maxim Kamenskov
All three groups differed significantly in the characteristics of the slow cortical potentials. According to previously obtained data (Kirenskaya et al., 2011; Kirenskaya, Kamenskov, Myamlin, Novototsky-Vlasov, & Tkachenko, 2013) the analysis of contingent negative variation (CNV) revealed two distinct stages during the fixation interval. The early stage was represented by a negative wave with the maximal amplitude over the midline fronto-central area (Figure 3). Early bilateral CNV in frontal cortical regions is considered to be a reflection of various cognitive aspects of the preparatory set involved in preparing the system for appropriate task performance, such as sustained attention, preparation to the inhibition of the reflexive saccades, and maintenance of information in working memory. The late stage of CNV was characterized by the expansion of activation to post-central cortical regions with maximal CNV amplitudes at the medial and left parietal sites. Saccadic ERP and fMRI studies have found a parietal activation that was related to the initiation of the saccadic eye movement (Broerse et al., 2001; McDowell et al., 2008).
Predictive factors of success in neurofeedback training for children with ADHD
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2019
Yasuko Okumura, Yosuke Kita, Mikimasa Omori, Kota Suzuki, Akira Yasumura, Ayako Fukuda, Masumi Inagaki
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.1,2 ADHD is reported to affect 3–7% of school-age children3 and often has a broad impact on their daily life, academic achievements, and/or social interactions. Behavioral problems in ADHD have been considered to have neurophysiological bases, since children with ADHD frequently exhibit atypical patterns of brain activity. In a resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG), for example, increased theta activity and/or a high theta-to-beta ratio over the fronto-central scalp region has often been found,4,5 which may be associated with underarousal and insufficient task-related cortical activation.6 In some studies using event-related potentials (ERPs), reductions in contingent negative variation (CNV) have indicated decreased attention, anticipation, and/or preparation for upcoming events in ADHD.7 These observations support the notion that ADHD symptoms are associated with dysfunctional brain activities.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Attention
- Bereitschaftspotential
- Cognition
- Electroencephalography
- Habituation
- Magnetoencephalography
- Orienting Response
- Event-Related Potential
- Brain–Computer Interface
- Interstimulus Interval