Hypertension and Correlation to Cerebrovascular Change: A Brief Overview
Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri in Cardiovascular Imaging and Image Analysis, 2018
Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is an imaging technique that uses an intravenously administered iodine-rich contrast agent to capture X-ray images of blood and vasculature. A sample of a CTA image is shown in Figure 16.2. It can be used to assess arterial sizes, evaluate blood flows to diagnose vascular conditions such as stenosis (narrowing of the blood vessel), embolism (blockage), atherosclerosis, etc. Ley et al. used CTA of pulmonary arteries to diagnose patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension [25]. CT perfusion imaging enables evaluation of cerebral blood flow and perfusion. Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) utilizes a two-dimensional array of detector elements instead of a linear array of detector elements used in typical and helical CT scanners [26], which allows for high imaging acquisition speed, high spatial resolution, and more coverage of the patient [27]. Flat panel CT (FPCT) offers z-axis imaging in one rotation, which offers high spatial resolution images of entire organ systems (e.g., the cerebrovasculature) [28], [29].
Automated Methods for Vessel Segmentation in X-ray Coronary Angiography and Geometric Modeling of Coronary Angiographic Image Sequences: A Survey
Kayvan Najarian, Delaram Kahrobaei, Enrique Domínguez, Reza Soroushmehr in Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Medicine, 2022
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of heart disease and a leading cause of mortality globally (Anon n.d.). In 2016, it was reported to affect 330 million people and was responsible for 17.9 million deaths around the world with an upward trend (Nowbar et al. 2019). CAD occurs when plaque builds up in the coronary artery, thereby restricting blood flow to the heart (Libby & Theroux 2005). The narrowing is clinically termed stenosis and can lead to deprivation of oxygen and nutrients in the cardiac muscle cells, eventually causing myocardial infarction, or heart attack (Thygesen et al. 2007). X-ray coronary angiography (XCA), computed tomography angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance angiography are the main techniques for imaging coronary arteries. As the gold standard of CAD diagnosis and a crucial part of the interventional process, XCA locates the blockage by releasing radio-opaque contrast agents into the coronary arteries through a catheter in a procedure known as heart (cardiac) catheterization (Grossman 1986). Trained cardiologists then assess the severity of blockage in arteries based on select frames from XCA videos – typically via visual estimation.
Peripheral vascular angiography
Debabrata Mukherjee, Eric R. Bates, Marco Roffi, Richard A. Lange, David J. Moliterno, Nadia M. Whitehead in Cardiovascular Catheterization and Intervention, 2017
The goal of peripheral angiography is to confirm clini- cal examination and noninvasive test findings to pave the way for revascularization. However, there are significant limitations. For example, diabetic patients may have falsely elevated ankle-brachial index values, suggesting normal results where the patient, in fact, has significant arterial dis- ease. Other imaging modalities may also not offer adequate information. Computed tomography angiography can be limited in evaluating small-caliber vessels, especially in the below-the-knee (BTK) circulation (and in the presence of severe calcification). Magnetic resonance (MR) angiogra- phy may not be used in patients with advanced renal dis- ease secondary to concerns regarding systemic nephrogenic calcinosis. [7]
Association between platelet counts and morbidity and mortality after endovascular repair for type B aortic dissection
Published in Platelets, 2022
Enmin Xie, Jitao Liu, Yuanhui Liu, Yuan Liu, Ling Xue, Ruixin Fan, Nianjin Xie, Huanyu Ding, Binquan Hu, Lyufan Chen, Xinyue Yang, Fan Yang, JianFang Luo
Between January 2010 to December 2017, 992 consecutive patients with TBAD who underwent TEVAR were identified from the prospectively maintained database at Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong, China). Patients were diagnosed by contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiography (CTA) according to the criteria of Stanford classification [3]. Subjects were excluded for the following reasons: 1) previous aortic surgery; 2) malignant tumor; 3) connective diseases; 4) traumatic aortic dissection; 5) missed pre- or postoperative platelet records; 6) missed pre- or postoperative serum creatinine records; 7) other known causes of preoperative thrombocytopenia, including hypersplenism, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and myelodysplastic syndrome. The remaining 892 patients were included for a retrospective analysis (Figure. S1). This study was approved and granted an informed consent waiver by the Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital Ethics Board as it was a retrospective study.
Verification of a proteomic biomarker panel to diagnose minor stroke and transient ischaemic attack: phase 1 of SpecTRA, a large scale translational study
Published in Biomarkers, 2018
Andrew M. Penn, Maximilian B. Bibok, Viera K. Saly, Shelagh B. Coutts, Mary L. Lesperance, Robert F. Balshaw, Kristine Votova, Nicole S. Croteau, Anurag Trivedi, Angela M. Jackson, Janka Hegedus, Evgenia Klourfeld, Amy Y. X. Yu, Charlotte Zerna, Christoph H. Borchers
Enrolment into the first phase of the SpecTRA study took place over an 18-month period from December 2013 to May 2015. Patients suspected of TIA or minor stroke were enrolled by stroke study nurses in the EDs of two urban medical hospitals. Stroke nurses recorded patients’ presenting clinical symptoms in the case report form (CRF). Inclusion criteria for enrolment were, (a) patient with suspected TIA or minor stroke, NIHSS <4 (Brott et al.1989, NINDS 2003), (b) symptom onset <24 h and (c) age ≥18 years of age. Exclusion criteria were (a) isolated monocular blindness and (b) no access to either magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 7 days or computed tomography (CT)/computed tomography angiography (CTA) within 24 h. Symptom onset was defined as the last known time the patient was seen to be normal. Patients received either MRI and/or CTA imaging as part of the study protocol.
Place in therapy of anti-IL-17 and 23 in psoriasis according to the severity of comorbidities: a focus on cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Emanuele Trovato, Pietro Rubegni, Francesca Prignano
Along this line, studies demonstrated a protective role of anti-IL-17 mAbs. A recent prospective observational study analyzed 290 patients to characterize coronary arterial plaque before and after biological therapy with anti-TNF, anti-IL-12/23, and anti-IL-17 [14]. Patients were studied with computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in a 52-week follow-up period. The results highlighted a reduction in the extension of coronary and non-calcified plaque after 1 year of treatment with biologics with concomitant significant reduction of the fibro-lipid and of the necrotic part. Reduction in coronary plaque extension was significantly greater with anti-IL-17 than anti-IL-12/23, and non-calcified plaque extension reduction was about 5% with anti-TNF, 12% with anti-IL-17, and 2% with anti-IL-12/23 [15].
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