Marine Polysaccharides in Pharmaceutical Applications
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Carrageenans (CG) are naturally occurring sulfated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweeds (Yermak et al. 2017). Depending on the sulfation degree carrageenans are divided into three different types, i.e. kappa carrageenan (κ-CG), lambda carrageenan (λ-CG) and iota carrageenan (τ-CG). κ CG, λ CG and τ CG are extracted from algae belonging to the Kappaphycus, Gigantinaceae and Eucheuma family, respectively (Cardoso et al. 2016; Manna and Jana 2021). Chemically it contains alternatively connected two units: unit A (α-(1Ñ3)) and unit B (β-(1Ñ4)) linked with glycosidic bonds. Unit A exhibits dextrorotatory properties and unit B shows levorotatory or dextrorotatory conformation. CG also possesses anticancer, anticoagulant, antiviral, antifungal and antiangiogenic properties. The gel-forming properties of carrageenan upon interaction with cations have enhanced the pharmaceutical applications of CG. Apart from being used in food industries as stabilizer and emulsifying agents, CG have found several applications in pharmaceutical and biomedical field (Cardoso et al. 2016; Salbach et al. 2012).
Genetics and exercise: an introduction
Adam P. Sharples, James P. Morton, Henning Wackerhage in Molecular Exercise Physiology, 2022
You will have probably heard the term epigenetics. What is it? Epigenetics means changes in gene expression that are due to chemical modifications of the DNA or of histones that are not due to variations in the DNA sequence (17). There are two main categories of epigenetic chemical reactions: the methylation of DNA and the addition of small chemical groups such as acetyl group to histones (Figure 3.11). DNA methylation refers to the addition of a CH3 (i.e. methyl) group to a cytosine (C) that is followed by a guanine (G) in the same strand. This is referred to as a CpG where the “p” stands for the phosphate that connects two bases in the same strand. In contrast, CG refers to a C in one strand pairing with a G in the other strand. Regions with many methylated cytosines are also known as CpG islands. CpG islands are present across the whole genome but are often concentrated in promoter regions of genes.
Conceptual Overview of Algorithms
Jerry J. Battista in Introduction to Megavoltage X-Ray Dose Computation Algorithms, 2019
Integration over the type of interaction (Equation 3.11), x-ray spectrum, and spatial dimensions (Equation 3.12) yields maximum accuracy and flexibility for the convolution-superposition algorithm. The most general superposition algorithms therefore requires a 5-dimensional integration of kernels. However, higher dimensionality increases the computational demand and lengthens the turnaround times for clinical treatment planning. Approximations have therefore been introduced to reduce the multi-dimensional integration and speed up the algorithm. For example, a polyenergetic kernel can be composed from a weighted set of monoenergetic kernels in order to reduce the integration by one dimension. Kernels of different types of interactions may also be fused together if the scattering trajectories follow similar ray-line pathways (e.g. primary and first-scattered photons). Under certain conditions of beam and tissue symmetry, portions of the integrand can be pre-integrated to form pencil beams or slabs. The kernel format (point, pencil beam, or slab) is paired with the dimension of scatter integration (3D, 2D, 1D). Figure 3.13 illustrates the geometric nature of pre-integrated kernels with similarity to Figure 3.5.
Clinical governance: An in-depth scientometric analysis
Published in International Journal of Healthcare Management, 2023
Andrea Adduci, Alessio Perilli, Francesca Durante, Egidio de Mattia, Americo Cicchetti, Walter Ricciardi, Antonio Giulio de Belvis
Our study has multiple strengths. It represents the first attempt to provide a systematic knowledge landscape of CG after several years [51]. Furthermore, unlike the previous one, our study was designed to thoroughly investigate the orientation of scientific research regarding CG. In fact, by means of a funnel model, we wanted to investigate how research addressed the core themes and settings of CG. To carry out as comprehensive an evaluation as possible, we ran two of the most commonly used bibliometrics software programs: VosViewer and Citespace. However, the study also has some limitations. Firstly, the inclusion of only English-language articles and reviews could conceivably constitute a bias. We derived the data from just one database, Scopus, which, although comprehensive, may not include a certain amount of scientific work. Furthermore, the most recent articles, published in 2022, were not included as the year was still in progress. Finally, study quality was not assessed, given that this was not the aim of our work. As citations are not really indicative of study quality, we consider it desirable for further studies to focus on a quality investigation of the scientific state-of-the-art CG.
Pharmaceutical tablet compression: measuring temporal and radial concentration profiles to better assess segregation
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Giverny Robert, Himmat Dalvi, Francis B. Lavoie, Nicolas Abatzoglou, Ryan Gosselin
Another mode of acquisition referred to as linescan imaging results from the combined use of a spectrograph and a NIR camera. The operating principle of imaging spectrograph is detailed in (Dalvi et al. 2018). This mode of acquisition produces NIR spatial/spectral images of each wavelength over a 1D portion of the sample: X (1, m, λ), where λ and m are spectral and spatial dimensions, respectively. While any given image only contains information on a single spatial dimension, multiple images (n) can recreate the full 2D sample, thus creating a 3D dataset: X (n, m, λ). For moving samples, such as powder flowing inside a feed frame, a single linescan oriented radially can, in principle, detect spatial segregation whereas subsequent images can be used to monitor temporal variations in the process. In this work, the term NIR CI will be used to refer 3D image datasets X (n, m, λ) acquired via linescan imaging whereas the term NIRS will be used for 1D spectra.
How to strengthen basic competencies in self-care – a pre-post interventional study with postgraduate trainees in family medicine in Germany
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2021
S Schwill, K Krug, J Valentini, a Rentschler, C Nikendei, J Szecsenyi, TJ Bugaj
Sociodemographic data of IG and CG is shown in Table 1. The participants were mostly female. The mean age of IG at T1 was 36.1 years. (SD 7.4), and 34.1 yrs. (SD 10.6) at T2 and 32.9 yrs. (SD 14.2) in CG. Only 8% (CG) to 14.4% (IG at T2) were 26–30 years old, but up to 20% were older than 40 years. On average, IG was in the fourth and CG in the fifth year of training (T1:CG, p < .01). At T1, almost 35% of study participants did not provide information on their current level of training (inpatient vs. outpatient), presumably because the corresponding question – found on the back of the questionnaire – was often overlooked. After adjusting the formatting for the data collection of IG T2 and CG, missing data for this item reduced significantly.
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