Procedures for Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
Patrick E. McMahon, Rosemary F. McMahon, Bohdan B. Khomtchouk in Survival Guide to General Chemistry, 2019
Example: Determine the correct formula for a combination of barium and the phosphate polyatomic ion. Use the periodic table as necessary; structures, charges, and names of polyatomic ions must come from memory.Barium is a metal, the symbol is BaPhosphate is a polyatomic ion; formula and charge: PO4−3Three Ba+2 with 2 (+) charges require two PO4−3, which each have 3 (−) charges. (The least common multiple of 2 and 3 = 6.) The entire formula for the phosphate polyatomic ion is enclosed in parentheses to eliminate confusion with the consecutive subscripts: the formula Ba3PO42would appear to have 42 oxygens!Check the formula by addition of (+) and (−) values:
Inorganic Particulates in Human Lung: Relationship to the Inflammatory Response
William S. Lynn in Inflammatory Cells and Lung Disease, 2019
Other inorganic particulates which have been identified in human lungs include calcium sulfate,6 barium sulfate,89 and tungsten carbide.89 Barium is a component of some radiographic contrast materials sometimes used in studies of the proximal gastrointestinal tract or less often for bronchography, and may be depositied in the lung directly during brochography or indirectly if the patient aspirates during a proximal gastrointestinal study.89 The birefringent barium particles have a characteristic refractile granular appearance in tissue sections, and may be specifically identified by EDXA (Figure 9). Tungsten carbide is used in the manufacture of cutting edges which are inset into steel tools, rock drills, and armaments; employees in the machine-tool industry may be exposed to this dust, which may produce serious and perhaps even fatal lung disease. High levels of tungsten were found in the lung tissues of one case.89
Clinical Spectrum of Amebiasis in Adults
Roberto R. Kretschmer in Amebiasis: Infection and Disease by Entamoeba histolytica, 2020
Given the pseudotumoral appearance of ameboma of the colon, this form of intestinal invasive amebiasis is the most frequently confused with other diseases, mainly with carcinoma of the colon. When localized in the rectosigmoid, endoscopy and the presence of amebic trophozoites in the vicinity of the lesion will establish the diagnosis. When localized elsewhere in the colon, a barium enema is useful in diagnosis, as it can reveal the coexistence of inflammatory and ulcerative lesions in the neighboring areas of the lesion. Colonoscopy and biopsy can confirm the correct diagnosis beyond doubt. In nonendemic areas an ameboma may rarely resemble the granulomatous and/or proliferative lesions caused by schistosomiasis or tuberculosis.19 The presence, or rather the absence, of antiamebic antibodies may aid in the differential diagnosis in cases where carcinoma is suspected.
Protective effects of pomegranate peel against hematotoxicity, chromosomal aberrations, and genotoxicity induced by barium chloride in adult rats
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2016
Awatef Elwej, Ghada Ben Salah, Choumous Kallel, Faiza Fakhfakh, Najiba Zeghal, Ibtissem Ben Amara
Previous studies have demonstrated that heavy metals increase the generation of ROS causing damage to macromolecules, membrane ion transport systems, enzymes, lipid peroxidation in hematological system leading probably to genotoxic effects on blood (Kumar et al. 2013; Ashour & El-Shemi 2014) in rats treated by mercury chloride and cadmium, respectively. Barium, an alkaline earth metal, alters hematological parameters including the decrease in blood hemoglobin content and thrombocytes count in industrial workers (Tarasenko et al. 1977), while its genotoxicity has not been previously characterised in experimental models. Therefore, a micronucleus and chromosome aberrations tests, assayed in our study, were used for the assessment of barium genotoxicity. These assays are now recognised as the most successful and reliable assays for genotoxic carcinogens and mutagens causing genetic damages. Micronuclei are the cytoplasmic bodies having a portion of acentric chromosome or a whole chromosome not carried to the opposite poles during the anaphase (Boffetta & Islami 2013).
Barium exposure increases the risk of congenital heart defects occurrence in offspring
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Nannan Zhang, Zhen Liu, Xiaoxian Tian, Ming Chen, Ying Deng, Yixiong Guo, Nana Li, Ping Yu, Jiaxiang Yang, Jun Zhu
Increasing numbers of studies indicate that heavy metals are risk factors for CHD [14]. These include lead, cadmium, arsenic, and copper [2,15]. Barium is the one of the common heavy metal elements, and is found in drinking water, vegetables, rodenticides, X-ray contrast medium, glass, and colorants used in daily life [16,17]. High levels of barium exposure may be seen in certain occupations, while environmental barium exposure may be low-level and chronic [18]. The chemical form of barium, duration of exposure, age, fasting status, and the intestinal levels of other competitive ions all potentially affect barium absorption [18,19]. Acute, high levels of barium exposure may be seen in certain occupations, while environmental barium exposure may be low-level and chronic [18]. The main routes of non-occupational human exposure to barium are through the ingestion of water (∼20%) and food (∼70–80%) and soil [20]. Barium has been detected in blood, urine, placenta, brain, skeletal muscle, hair, and eyes [18].
Using online content uniformity measurements for rapid automated process development exemplified via an X-ray system
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Bernhard Wagner, Thomas Brinz, Johannes Khinast
Four materials were used in this study. Barium sulfate (Schwerspat CH1, Sachtleben Bergbau GmbH & Co. KG, Germany) acted as the product of mature interest (i.e. API), since it strongly absorbs X-ray radiation and can be detected via an X-ray system (discussed below). With its high bulk density (BD of 2.49 g/ml), it is up to 4–5 times denser than the typical excipients. However, the mixture filled into capsules contained only a relatively small amount of barium sulfate (10 wt % of barium sulfate) which can be challenging in a real process in terms of content uniformity. Lactose, i.e. Spherolac 100 (Meggle-Pharma, Germany), was used in this study as excipient for the development of the X-ray detection model. It was chosen since it can be dosed accurately via a small auger feeder due to the relatively good flowability (Wagner et al. 2017) and a mean particle size of 119 µm.
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