Evidence of The Occurrence of Bovine Tuberculosis in Man
Arthur Newsholme in The Prevention of Tuberculosis, 2015
But Kossel then remarks:— On the other hand, it must be remembered that immunity in this direction is not equally specific in all species of bacteria. The fact that efficient tuberculin can be prepared from avian tubercle bacilli as well as from mammalian by itself suggests caution in applying to tuberculosis such experiences as have been gained with regard to immunity in other groups of bacteria. Furthermore, Beck observed that animals injected with acid-fast bacilli had become hypersensitive to tuberculin; and Koch stated that by injection of tubercle bacilli into animals a serum could be produced which possessed agglutinating power, not only on tubercle bacilli, but also on saprophytic acid-fast bacilli.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis – The Organism
Peter D O Davies, Stephen B Gordon, Geraint Davies in Clinical Tuberculosis, 2014
Old Tuberculin is a crude preparation of antigens prepared by heat concentration of old and autolysed broth cultures of M. tuberculosis and contains the groups of antigens described here. Purified protein derivative (PPD) used in tuberculin testing is similar to Old Tuberculin except that protein antigens are separated from carbohydrate antigens and components of the medium, thereby reducing the incidence of non-specific tuberculin reactions but not cross-reactions due to prior BCG vaccination or contact with environmental mycobacteria. More recent immunodiagnostic tests for tuberculosis are based on T-cell recognition of purified antigens that are specific, or almost specific, for M. tuberculosis such as the secreted antigen ESAT-6, which is not produced by BCG. These tests are described in Chapter 6.
The Inducible System: History of Development of Immunology as a Component of Host-Parasite Interactions
Julius P. Kreier in Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Not all of the early attempts to immunize against disease were successful. In 1882, Robert Koch identified the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis. He attempted to immunize individuals by injecting them with spent medium from cultures of human tubercle bacilli. No immunity resulted from the injection, but a febrile reaction and swelling at the site of the injection occurred twenty-four to forty-eight hours later in people who were harboring the tubercle bacillus. This reaction was later shown to be diagnostic for tuberculosis and it is still widely used today. The type of material Koch used is now called “old tuberculin.” Today we use an extract of old tuberculin called “purified protein derivative” (PPD) to test for tuberculosis, in Koch′s honor the tuberculin reaction was called the Koch phenomenon.
Gold nanoparticles for preparation of antibodies and vaccines against infectious diseases
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Lev A. Dykman
A new strategy for preparing antibodies to tuberculin was described [129] that used the adjuvant properties of GNPs. Tuberculin is a mixture of the surface antigens of various types of mycobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. avium). When injected intradermally, it causes a specific delayed-type hypersensitivity response in infected or vaccinated patients. Polyclonal antituberculin antibodies were raised by injecting 7.5 μg of tuberculin conjugated to 15-nm GNPs into rabbits four times intramuscularly. The obtained antibodies had a high titer, whereas in the control animals, which were given nonconjugated tuberculin, no antibodies were found in the blood serum. The antituberculin antibodies were used to detect mycobacteria by ELISA and by light and electron microscopy.
The Relationship between COVID-19 Severity and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure history in healthcare workers: a multi-center study
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Serife Torun, Sevket Ozkaya, Nazan Şen, Fikret Kanat, Irem Karaman, Sebnem Yosunkaya, Ozlem Sengoren Dikis, Ali Asan, Selma Aydogan Eroglu, Sefa Semih Atal, Omer Ayten, Nimet Aksel, Hilal Ermiş, Neslihan Özçelik, Meryem Demirelli, Iskender Kara, Sua Sümer, Kamile Marakoğlu, Fatih Üzer, Yasin Uyar, Tuba Çiçek, Zuhal E Ünsal, Husamettin Vatansev, Berna Botan Yildirim, Tuba Kuruoğlu, Aynur Atilla, Yasemin Ersoy, Bahar Kandemir, Yasemin Durduran, Fatma Goksin Cihan, Nur Demirbaş, Fatma Yıldırım, Dursun Tatar, M Sule Akcay
On the other side, Urban et al.identified that cross-reactive heterologous cell-mediated adaptive immunity may exist between BCG-Pasteur strain proteome and peptides of SARS-CoV-2 [22]. Singh et al.brought a different perspective into the topic of ‘‘trained immunity” from Mycobacterium spp. exposure or BCG vaccination and COVID-19 outcomes, and suggested that the prevalence of tuberculin immunoreactivity – a measure of cell-mediated immunity persistence as a result of Mycobacterium spp. (including BCG vaccine) exposure of the populations – was consistently negatively correlated with COVID-19 infections and mortality [23]. They also suggested that not the countries’ BCG policies but their cell-mediated tuberculin immunoreactivity prevalence should be argued when assessing the functional potentially protective trained immunity and cell-mediated immunity of a population [23]. These studies together show that immunological responses produced by tuberculosis infection and exposure to M. tuberculosis bacillus without an active infection (including BCG) can be different, and sometime opposite. While infection with tuberculosis bacillus might have inhibitory effects on trained immunity, tuberculin immunoreactivity as a result of Mycobacterium spp. (including BCG vaccine) exposure stimulates it. Therefore, the impact of M. tuberculosis exposure on trained and adaptive immunity and its effect on COVID-19 severity remains to be determined.
Infectious complications in patients on treatment with Ruxolitinib: case report and review of the literature
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2018
Maria Veronica Dioverti, Omar M. Abu Saleh, Aaron J. Tande
Our data support the need for a thorough assessment of infectious risks prior to initiation of treatment with ruxolitinib. Knowing local endemic infections that could reactivate during immunosuppressive treatment is highlighted in cases of tuberculosis and Talaromyces marneffei infections. Screening for selected viral infections may be useful to counsel patients regarding symptoms that should trigger further investigation by their health care provider. The role of preventive and prophylactic measures, such as screening for CMV reactivation via viral load measurements or instituting universal prophylaxis for HSV/VZV with acyclovir are yet undefined, and further studies are needed to provide guidance. HBV should be screened for and treated accordingly; one might even consider prophylaxis with entecavir as suggested in other reports [30]. Screening for JC virus can also be considered, and if positive, risk/benefit discussion should take place. Tuberculosis can be detected either by tuberculin skin testing and/or interferon-γ release assay (IGRA). Treatment for latent tuberculosis infection should be strongly considered. Clinicians caring for these patients should have a very low threshold to look for opportunistic infections.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Protein
- Tuberculosis
- Mantoux Test
- Skin
- Allergy
- Bcg Vaccine
- Mycobacterium
- Pregnancy
- Koch'S Postulates
- Mycobacterium Tuberculosis