Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies

D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija in Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023

The use of tobacco accounts for 21% of total deaths related to cancer, worldwide. In the United States, smoking is responsible for around 30% of all deaths that are related to cancer [49]. It is considered to be the most potent risk factor for lung cancer, as it increases the risk by 10−20 folds [50]. Studies also suggest that it is associated as a causative factor for cancer in the oral and nasal cavity [51]. In addition, smoking is implicated with an increased incidence of prostate cancer as well as breast cancer [52, 53]. Quitting smoking results in significant health benefits, even for long-time smokers. These benefits can be noticed at all ages and can be measured almost directly after cessation. Furthermore, quitting smoking in patients who already have cancer may improve cancer treatment outcomes [54].

Lifestyle and Diet

Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022

The adverse effects of cigarette smoke on human health are widely recognized. Cigarette smoking is the main etiological agent in numerous diseases, in particular chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer, and it is a known human carcinogen (109). It is the origin of about 90% of all lung cancer deaths and also of other cancers like cancers of esophagus, larynx, mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, liver, pancreas, stomach, cervix, colon, and rectum, as well as leukemia (109–111). Cigarette smoking harms nearly every organ of the body, causes many diseases, and reduces the health and the lifespan of smokers in general. Smoking also causes heart disease, stroke, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, asthma, bronchitis, infertility, and more. It impairs immune function and enhances the development of many infectious diseases (109–111). Tobacco is already the leading cause of adult death in developed countries (109). There are more than 1.1 billion tobacco smokers worldwide of which 900 million are men and 200 million are women (109). Cigarette smoking causes more than 480,000 deaths each year in the United States (110).

Global frameworks, local strategies: Women's rights, health, and the tobacco control movement in Argentina

Emily E. Vasquez, Amaya Perez-Brume, Richard G. Parker in Social Inequities and Contemporary Struggles for Collective Health in Latin America, 2020

In the aftermath of challenging the scalar arrangements of the tobacco industry, the tobacco control movement constructed new scales of national regulation, including the integration of some stipulations of the FCTC into national legislation such as the banning of advertising and the promotion of smoke-free environments. This has been influential in setting a context where smoking rates among adult women in Argentina decreased from 34% in 2000 to 18.4% in 2015 (World Bank, 2017). In 2005, 52% of people in Argentina were exposed to second-hand smoking. This percentage decreased to 40.2% in 2009 and 36.3% in 2013 (Secretaría de Programación para la Prevención de la Drogadicción y Lucha contra el Narcotráfico [SPPDLN], 2016, p. 30).

Prevalence of smoking among medical students and associated factors in Turkey

Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2023

Fusun Fakili, Mahsuk Taylan, Sibel Dogru, Shehab Al-Haithamy

Smoking is still a serious public health problem in Turkey. Tobacco smoking is a preventable cause of many deaths and morbidities. Although smoking rates have decreased in developed countries in recent years, there has been an increase in smoking rates in developing countries (World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 2020). According to the “Health Research in Turkey” data announced by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK, 2022a, 2022b), the rate of individuals aged 15 and over who smoked every day was 26.5% in 2016, while it reached 28% in 2019; it was determined that this rate was 41.3% for men and 14.9% for women. When analyzed by age groups, the most tobacco smokers were in the 35–44 age group with 42.8% (TUIK, 2022a, 2022b). The most common cause of lung cancer is tobacco smoking. Lung cancer was the most common cause of death due to cancer in Turkey in 2019 (TUIK, 2022a, 2022b). With the increase in tobacco smoking rates, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended monitoring tobacco smoking in all adults, youth, school staff, and students of health professionals through the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) in the tobacco control convention (Warren et al., 2009; World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 2021). Although cigarette smoking is still the most frequent method of tobacco consumption in Turkey, hookah use has grown in popularity among the youth. Hookah smoking is becoming more popular among young people in the Mediterranean and the Middle East (World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 2021).

Effectiveness of a perioperative smoking cessation program evaluated over one-year follow-up

Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021

Doh Young Lee, Seong Dong Kim, Jaehyun Lim, Kwang Hyun Kim, Hong Ryul Jin, Young Ho Jung

Smoking is the main risk factor for more than 60 diseases and is the most common cause of death in the world. Smoking can cause cancer, respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity, reduced health-related quality of life, and premature death (Mussener et al., 2016). Furthermore, ENT diseases such as rhinosinusitis; chronic pharyngeal disease; laryngeal disease, including voice disorders; and cancers in the oral cavity and laryngopharynx are all associated with smoking (Caminha et al., 2018; Roden et al., 2020). Smoking is also associated with treatment-related complications. Many studies have revealed that smokers have a higher incidence of perioperative respiratory and cardiovascular complications than nonsmokers (Moller et al., 2002). Furthermore, many clinical studies have found that smoking has adverse effects on wound healing and that smoking cessation can reduce the wound complications of various types of invasive surgeries, including head and neck surgeries (De Cassia Braga Ribeiro et al., 2003).

Change in socio-economic inequality of tobacco consumption among men in India: evidence from National Family Health Survey 2005-06 to 2015-16

Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021

Ratna Patel, Pradeep Kumar, Shobhit Srivastava, Shekhar Chauhan

Smoking is injurious to health; the cigarette packets, in India, come with this warning. Smokers accept the harm they are causing themselves, yet continue to smoke even they do not enjoy smoking cigarettes (Fidler & West, 2011; Ussher et al., 2014). Some smokers might not realize the perils of smoking, not because they do not understand the warnings, but because they are convinced that smoking would not harm them (Baumeister, 2017). Smoking tobacco consists of many varieties, specifically; cigarettes, bidis, pipes, cigars, and hookahs (Arrazola et al., 2017; Mitra et al., 2018). Cigars and cigarettes are the most prevalent form of tobacco consumption worldwide (CDC Foundation, 2015); however, in India, cigarette and bidi are the most prevalent forms of tobacco consumption (Mishra et al., 2016; Mitra et al., 2018). Bidi is a locally made Indian variety of cigarettes made with non-porous tendu leaf wrapped with tobacco inside, having low combustibility (Solanki et al., 2017).