Infectious Disease: Upper Respiratory Infections and Otitis Media
Hilary McClafferty in Integrative Pediatrics, 2017
Commonly observed signs and symptoms in an average respiratory illness include coughing, sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion, low-grade fever, sneezing and feeling of increased pressure in the face. The early symptoms start off with a simple congestion in the nasal sinuses and pathways or an uncomfortable tickle in the airways. The next stage is a runny nose, termed as rhinorrhea. The cough develops with time and irritates the entire tracheal region, causing a significant disturbance in children. The cough itself causes more inflammation and discomfort in the throat. Body fatigue and fever are common occurrences. Infant and children may be fussy and have difficulty eating and drinking. Other symptoms that can occur include a scratchy throat, which becomes inflamed, making swallowing painful. Loss of smell can also occur, as can conjunctivitis. Some people also experience vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration.
Human Metapneumovirus Infections
Sunit K. Singh in Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
The clinical symptoms of MPV in the pediatric population have been evaluated by many epidemiologic studies. A 20-year retrospective evaluation of MPV in children with upper respiratory tract symptoms revealed that 63% had an abnormal tympanic membrane examination. Additionally, 54% of children had fever, 8% had hoarseness, and 44% had pharyngitis.30 In a population of Australian children, conjunctivitis was identified in 7%.46 Laryngitis has been identified in 3% of children.37 Rhinorrhea is a near universal symptom with rates as high as 91% in some studies.34 In a comparison of children with MPV and RSV respiratory tract infections, there were no significant differences in rates of otitis media, rhinorrhea, or sore throat.47 Similarly, other studies have demonstrated no significant difference in upper respiratory tract symptoms between MPV and RSV.35,39
United Airways
Jonathan A. Bernstein, Mark L. Levy in Clinical Asthma, 2014
Allergic rhinitis is associated with a biphasic immunologic response to an allergen, similar to that seen in allergic asthma. An early-phase reaction occurs almost immediately after an allergen exposure due to immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated mast cell degranulation and the release of chemical mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins. The late-phase reaction occurs several hours later, lasting for 12–24 hours, and is associated with the activation of T cells and the recruitment, activation, and prolonged survival of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa.5 The resulting immediate symptoms in the nose are itching, sneezing, and rhinorrhea. The late phase gives rise to nasal obstruction, a reduced sense of smell, and general hyperreactivity, which can extend throughout the respiratory tract.6,7
Gustatory rhinitis in multiple system atrophy
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2021
Kaoru Yamakawa, Kenji Kondo, Akihiko Unaki, Hideto Saigusa, Kyohei Horikiri, Tatsuya Yamasoba
PD, MSA, dementia with Lewy bodies, and pure autonomic failure are categorized as synucleinopathies, a group of neurodegenerative diseases caused by an abnormal accumulation of misfolded phosphorylated α-synuclein in the neurons, glia, or both [6,7]. Autonomic dysfunction is observed in synucleinopathies [8]. The sympathetic nervous system tends to be affected more than the parasympathetic system, which is indicated by the higher rate of orthostatic hypotension [8] and cardiac sympathetic denervation [9]. Therefore, the majority of autonomic nervous symptoms in these patients are based on the deficiency of sympathetic tone and relative predominance of parasympathetic tone. The observation of rhinorrhea is in line with this rationale, because it is caused by parasympathetic nerve hyperactivity in the nasal glands.
Special electrodes for demanding cochlear conditions
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Anandhan Dhanasingh, Ingeborg Hochmair
The CORK stopper has a diameter of 1.9 mm at the thickest seal part and 0.8 mm at the thinnest part with a length of 2.4 mm (Figure 18(B)). For these CORK dimensions to seal the cochlear opening effectively, a ring of muscle tissue around the electrode array (Figure 18(C,D)) is recommended and the size of the cochleostomy should not be larger than 1.5 mm in diameter (Figure 18(E)). MED-EL took the concept, developed the prototype and named the electrode array as CORK. Prof. Sennaroglu and his colleagues implanted the CORK electrode in fifty patients with various inner-ear malformations including IP type I, IP type II, IP type III, EVA, CH and cochlear base defect, between the years 2008–13 [21]. If CSF gusher is observed during the surgery and if the CORK stopper has sealed the cochlea effectively, then no postoperative rhinorrhea is expected. Rhinorrhea is a condition in which the CSF leakage from the inner ear passes through the eustachian tube and escapes through the nasal passages. In the named study, the authors reported CSF gusher in all three IP type malformations during the surgery, and the cochlea was sealed effectively with the CORK type stopper in combination with fascia ring around the electrode array, and only one case experienced rhinorrhea (Table 1).
Allergic rhinitis in medical students at the University of the Free State
Published in South African Family Practice, 2018
RY Seedat, M Sujee, W Ismail, NY Vallybhai, MI Cassim, S Khan, A Solwa, G Joubert
Rhinorrhoea, nasal obstruction and repeated sneezing were the most common and most bothersome symptoms. These were also the symptoms that were most frequent in a study on the concerns of patients with allergic rhinitis in South Africa.4 Nasal obstruction is frequently reported as being the most bothersome symptom of allergic rhinitis.6 Dust, change in weather, colds, air-conditioning and cats were the most common triggers of symptoms. Nasal hyper-reactivity to physical and chemical stimuli is a frequent finding in all forms of rhinitis,11 and these non-specific triggers have also been found in other studies on allergic rhinitis.4,6 Only 25% of participants had an allergy diagnostic test performed. This is much less than in surveys of patients with allergic rhinitis in the USA, Latin America and the Asia Pacific, where 41 to 57% of patients had either a skin-prick test or blood test performed.6
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