The respiratory system
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella in Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Respiratory disease and illness is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States. Respiratory structures such as the airways, alveoli and pleural membranes may all be affected by various disease processes. These respiratory diseases include infections such as pneumonia and tuberculosis, as well as obstructive disorders such as asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema that obstruct airflow into and out of the lungs. Other conditions such as pneumothorax, atelectasis, respiratory distress syndrome and cystic fibrosis are classified as restrictive disorders because they limit normal expansion of the lungs. Pulmonary function may also be affected by exposure to inhaled particles or by the growth of cancers. General symptoms of respiratory disease are listed in Table 8.5.
Anxiety and depression in patients with chronic respiratory disease
Claudio F. Donner, Nicolino Ambrosino, Roger S. Goldstein in Pulmonary Rehabilitation, 2020
Chronic respiratory diseases are common and diverse in their phenotypes. Chronic obstructive diseases include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis; restrictive diseases include thoracic restriction, neuromuscular conditions and parenchymal conditions such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis (1). Chronic respiratory diseases have common clinical characteristics such as cough, exertional dyspnoea, excessive fatigue and unexpected episodic exacerbations frequently leading to emergency care or hospitalization. In addition, the daily frustration and inability to cope with the disease as well as lingering (persistent) symptoms of dyspnoea may predispose individuals to an increased risk of elevated comorbid psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety and depression. These symptoms are often associated with increased physical disability, persistent stressful situations, diminished social interaction and foregoing of lifetime pleasurable activities.
Respiratory system and chest
David A Lisle in Imaging for Students, 2012
Common symptoms due to respiratory disease include cough, production of sputum, haemoptysis, dyspnoea and chest pain. These symptoms may be accompanied by systemic manifestations including fever, weight loss and night sweats. Accurate history plus findings on physical examination, in particular auscultation of the chest, are vital in directing further investigation and management. History and examination may be supplemented by relatively simple tests, such as white cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and sputum analysis for culture or cytology. A variety of pulmonary function tests may also be performed including spirometry, measurements of gas exchange, such as CO diffusing capacity and arterial blood gas, and exercise testing. In some cases, more sophisticated and invasive tests, such as flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage and video-assisted thorascopic surgery (VATS), may be required.
Seasonal Variation in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Victoria 2008–2017: Winter Peak
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2020
Andrew Muller, Kylie Dyson, Stephen Bernard, Karen Smith
The cause of the OHCA in the VACAR is presumed to be of cardiac origin unless there is clear information describing otherwise. Recent respiratory infection was defined as documented recent history of respiratory symptoms or infection prior to OHCA and identified by searching the PCR case descriptions, risk factor and preexisting condition fields for relevant key words. Search terms included “‘pneumonia’, ‘flu’, ‘flue’, ‘acute bronchitis’, ‘influenza’, ‘chest infection’, ‘respiratory infection’, ‘respiratory tract infection’, ‘resp infection’, ‘resp viral infection’, ‘resp tract infection’, ‘urti’, ‘runny nose’, ‘congestion’, ‘yellow sputum’, ‘green sputum’, ‘productive cough’, ‘chesty cough’.” History of respiratory disease was defined as patients who had a history of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer or other relevant diagnoses. Metropolitan or rural location was classified using the Australian Statistical Geography Standard-Remoteness Area geographical classification (16). The Socio-Economic Index for Areas (SEIFA) was developed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) to rank areas in Australia according to relative socio-economic advantage and disadvantage (17). SEIFA deciles calculated from 2011 statistics were used to approximate socio-economic status according to the patient’s residential postcode.
Time-course transcriptomic alterations reflect the pathophysiology of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate-induced lung injury in rats
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2019
Mi-Kyung Song, Dong Im Kim, Kyuhong Lee
Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-P), a guanidine-based antimicrobial agent, is a major component of the sterilizer associated with severe lung injury. Despite discontinuation of this HD, PHMG-P-related materials are still considered for applications in industrial areas, resulting in potential exposure (Vitt et al. 2015; Mashat 2016; Protasov et al. 2017). Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the potential effects of PHMG on lung injury. Notably, previous in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate the occurrence of PHMG-P-induced fibrotic responses in the lungs (Song et al. 2014; Kim et al. 2016; Lee et al. 2016). Additionally, various types of respiratory diseases, including asthma, pneumonia, and pulmonary fibrosis, have been reported (Choi and Paek 2016).
The production effect in adults with dysarthria: improving long-term verbal memory by vocal production
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2019
Michal Icht, Orly Bergerzon-Biton, Yaniv Mama
Control group: The dysarthric individuals were matched according to age with fourteen non-dysarthric subjects from the general population (between the ages of 58 and 85 years old, average age: 66.8 years, sd = 6.8). Controls’ gender was not fully matched (six males, eight females. Note, however, that gender is a negligible variable in the PE literature). These participants were recruited from two different independent-living retirement homes, and two community centres, all located in the centre of Israel. All participants showed normal cognitive abilities (MMSE > 26). Control participants were excluded if they reported (in an interview conducted by a research assistant, speech-language pathology student) one or more of the following diagnoses: (a) neurological disorders that may affect the speech mechanisms; (b) structural or functional abnormalities of the oral mechanism; (c) respiratory diseases (e.g., bronchial asthma, respiratory infection).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Breathing
- Bronchiole
- Bronchus
- Gas Exchange
- Respiratory Tract
- Trachea
- Pleural Cavity
- Pathology
- Pulmonary Alveolus
- Pulmonary Pleurae