The Respiratory System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
The respiratory system is composed of all the organs involved in the exchange of gasses between the body and its environment, the process commoniy known as respiration. This process, which is essentia! for the body to carry on life functions, involves the intake of oxygen through inspiration (or inhalation) and the elimination of carbon dioxide and other volatile waste products by expiration (or exhalation). In a broader sense, respiration also includes the exchange of gasses at the cellular level, providing the cells with oxygen for metabolic processes and transporting the carbon dioxide to the lungs for elimination. In addition to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, the respiratory system also functions as the source of sound for vocalization.
Fundamentals
Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam in Introduction to Computational Health Informatics, 2019
Lung comprises small air-sacks called alveoli that expose the blood to oxygenated air and facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon di-oxide (CO2) from the blood. Lung absorbs inhaled oxygen, oxygenates oxygen-depleted blood and removes carbon dioxide from the blood. During exhalation, carbon di-oxide retrieved from the oxygen-depleted blood is released. oxygen-depleted blood enters from the right chamber of the heart to both the lungs, gets exposed to oxygenated air stored in lung-sacs and oxygen-rich blood enters the left chamber of the heart again. Heart pumps blood to different parts within a body and collects blood from different parts of the body. Concurrently, oxygen-depleted blood is carried to lungs, and oxygen-rich blood is carried from lungs to heart.
Indoor Air Quality
James M. Rippe in Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
This chapter has identified key elements of indoor air quality which significantly impact the health of individuals in the United States. We have emphasized the relationship between indoor air quality and health as it pertains to exposure to the many different agents in the home. Many individuals remain unaware of the potential detrimental effects associated with these exposures. These range from secondhand smoke and radon to the family pet. Lung health is important to all ages, and it is crucial to target environmental exposures that may increase health risks, including asthma, allergic reactions, and lung cancer. The U.S. government, through various agencies, continues to monitor and provide guidelines, reports, and recommended testing for many of these agents. However, simple interventions that can promote lung health include not allowing smoking indoors; checking home radon levels; reducing conditions which promote mold growth, dust mites, and animal dander; monitoring carbon monoxide levels, and keeping home appliances clean. More research is needed to identify potentially new home contaminants and pollutants and their potential respiratory health effects. Lifelong awareness among family members and housemates, elimination of potential indoor environmental hazards, and increased awareness by healthcare providers are essential to promote long-term lung health and wellness.
Risk Stratification for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications following Major Cardiothoracic and Abdominal Surgery – development of the PPC Risk Prediction Score for Physiotherapists Clinical Decision-making
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Janne Hastrup Jensen, Lotte Sørensen, Sebastian Breddam Mosegaard, Inger Mechlenburg
Seven of the eleven potential predictors were excluded from the regression model because they were not independent predictors. Current smoking, repeated lung infections, and chronic productive cough could reflect reduced lung function. Impaired swallowing is associated with unintended weight loss (Carrion et al., 2015), and exclusion of Chronic heart failure as a predictor was consistent with the literature (Jeong et al., 2014; Neto et al., 2018; Russotto, Sabate, and Canet, 2019; Strobel et al., 2016). Surprisingly, increased age and limited physical function were not statistically associated with PPC contrary to findings in the literature (Canet et al., 2010; Genovese et al., 2017; Russotto, Sabate, and Canet, 2019; Tsiouris et al., 2012). A possible explanation might be that older and functionally impaired patients were offered extended preventive chest physiotherapy in the postoperative period.
Modeling the therapy system of noninvasive pressure support ventilation with the respiratory patient in COPD and ARDS
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Yueyang Yuan, Lixin Xie, Wei Liu, Zheng Dai
As shown in Figure 3, during inhalation, the contracted respiratory muscles prop open the chest circumference. And a negative pressure (Pmus) is created in the thoracic cavity. Under the pressure of Pmus, the gas is inhaled into the lung through the airway as the spontaneous inspiratory airflow. During exhalation, the respiratory muscles are in relaxed. The expanded thoracic cavity returns back to its original size. And the gas in the lung is exhaled out from the lung through the airway as the spontaneous expiratory flow. As shown in Equation (2), the pressure of Pmus is described with a mathematic function of time (t) (Yamada and Du 2000; Saatçi and Akan 2007). In a respiratory cycle (0<t ≤ T), the Pmus is in sinusoidal decreasing during the time interval (0<t≤Tpmus_rise), in sinusoidal increasing during the time interval (Tpmus_rise < t≤Tpmus_release), and in zero (Pmus = 0) during the time interval (Tpmus_release < t ≤ T).
Nanocrystals based pulmonary inhalation delivery system: advance and challenge
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Pengfei Yue, Weicheng Zhou, Guiting Huang, Fangfang Lei, Yingchong Chen, Zhilin Ma, Liru Chen, Ming Yang
The lungs are the organs that contact with the exchange of air between the organism and the outside world. They are divided into two main regions: the conducting airway region and the respiratory region. The airway is a continuous branch from the bronchi to the lungs and consists mainly of bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles. As the bronchi continue to branch, the diameter of the tubes becomes smaller, the tube wall becomes thinner, and the structure of the tube wall changes gradually. The annular smooth muscles of the bronchi contract or relax under splanchnic nerves innervation and it is responsible for the regulation of airflow passage into the alveoli. This is the site where the lung tissue completes gas exchange consisting of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, lung sacs, and alveoli. The respiratory bronchiole is the transitional pipes between the pulmonary airway and the respiratory site. Each respiratory bronchiole branch is divided into 2–3 alveolar ducts. The alveolar sacs are the common opening of several alveoli and are connected to the alveolar ducts. The gut is the main site for the digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Animal
- Breathing
- Carbon Dioxide
- Gas Exchange
- Oxygen
- Vertebral Column
- Circulatory System
- Heart
- Respiratory System
- Pulmonary Pleurae