Diagnosis and Treatment Model of the COVID-19 Rehabilitation Unit
Wenguang Xia, Xiaolin Huang in Rehabilitation from COVID-19, 2021
The completion of a good respiratory function requires good lung ventilation, gas exchange and transportation, and respiratory rhythm adjustment. Lung ventilation refers to the process of gas exchange between the lungs and the external environment. Gas exchange and transportation refer to the exchange of gas with blood in the lungs’ capillaries after air enters the alveoli. The respiratory rhythm is regulated by the central nervous system and the reflexes from the respiratory organs themselves, respiratory muscles, and other organs’ receptors. Therefore, the breathing exercise pattern and the respiratory muscles’ strength play an essential role in the recovery of respiratory function. It mainly includes posture management, breathing control technology, airway clearing technology, progressive activity and exercise, breathing training gymnastics, physical factor therapy, etc.
The transport and exchange systems: respiratory and cardiovascular
Nick Draper, Helen Marshall in Exercise Physiology, 2014
The respiratory system supplies the oxygen required for cellular respiration. This refers to the use of oxygen by cells of the body to sustain life and results in the production of energy, water and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is the most important substance for sustaining life because of its role in respiration. It reaches the cells through three stages of ventilation or gas exchange. Pulmonary ventilation or breathing enables oxygen to enter the lungs and carbon dioxide to be expelled. Alveolar ventilationenables oxygen brought into the lungs via pulmonary ventilation to diffuse into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be exchanged. Once within the bloodstream, oxygen is transported to cells throughout the body. The final form of gas exchange, cellular ventilation, enables oxygen to diffuse across the plasma membrane and enter the cell for use within cellular respiration, and carbon dioxide to move from the tissue cells into the blood for eventual removal from the body by the lungs.
Overview on Anatomy of Human Respiratory System
Sunit K. Singh in Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Respiration is defined as exchange of gases between alveolar air and blood in lungs and between blood and body cells. It is a sum of three processes: Breathing or pulmonary ventilation is carrying air through external nostrils into the lungs (inspiration) and expelling out used air (expiration) from lungs through the same passage.External respiration is exchange of gases between the alveolar air and blood; oxygen diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide leaving out blood into alveolar air.Internal respiration or tissue respiration is gaseous exchange between blood and body cells.
The acute respiratory distress syndrome
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
Christopher Wood, Vivek Kataria, Ariel M. Modrykamien
Airway pressure release ventilation is a time-cycled, pressure-targeted ventilation mode that allows for spontaneous breathing across the entire breath cycle. It increases mean airway pressure without increasing peak pressure by employing long inspiratory times followed by very short expiratory times. Studies have shown that airway pressure release ventilation can improve alveolar recruitment, increase oxygenation, and decrease peak airway pressure.63–67 However, no trials to date have shown a mortality benefit when compared to conventional low tidal volume ventilation. Of note, given the allowance of spontaneous breaths, it has been shown that maintaining low tidal volumes (<6.5 mL/kg) may not be feasible on a day-to-day basis during utilization of this mode of ventilation.68
In memoriam of Dr. Joseph Milic-Emili
Published in Canadian Journal of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, 2022
Over the course of his storied career, Milic made myriad foundational contributions to our understanding of respiratory physiology in both health and disease. A very incomplete list of his accomplishments includes: 1) description of the cardinal features of ventilation-perfusion relationships in the lung;1,2 2) development of novel tools and concepts in the analysis of control of breathing and lung mechanics;3 and 3) dissection of the dynamic mechanical properties of the respiratory system that determine the work of breathing and flow limitation.4,5 These basic discoveries carried over into the clinical realm, helping to explain the basis of hypercapnia during treatment with high levels of oxygen, why proning improves gas exchange in intensive care unit patients, and how intrinsic PEEP increases the work of breathing along with strategies to mitigate its adverse effects in patients during spontaneous breathing or mechanical ventilation.
The safety and sustainability of bottle-pep therapy in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Büşra Nur Fındık, Özge Kenis- Coskun, Evrim Karadağ-Saygı, Yasemin Gökdemir, Almala Pınar Ergenekon, Bülent Karadağ
Pulmonary function tests (PFT) are objective tests used to diagnose, manage and monitor patients with a variety of respiratory diseases. Spirometry is a kind of pulmonary function test that measures the rate of changing lung volumes during forced breathing maneuvers. At the current study pulmonary function tests were performed using a spirometer (WinspiroPRO 2.8 MIR, Rome, Italy) by the same technician at the pediatric pulmonology clinic in accordance with international standards (Graham et al., 2019). Patients were seated in an upright position and a nose clip was applied. The test was performed by blowing into the reader part of the spirometer with a forced expiration maneuver after a deeply inspiration. The test was repeated at least three times and three acceptable spirometry values were obtained. The largest FEV1, FVC values and their ratio (FEV1/FVC) were recorded. FEF 25–75 values from the maneuver with the largest sum of FEV1 and FVC were recorded.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Carbon Dioxide
- Cellular Respiration
- Diffusion
- Gas Exchange
- Oxygen
- Lung
- Inhalation
- Circulatory System
- Internal Environment
- Pulmonary Alveolus