Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Human Respiratory Viral Infections
Sunit K. Singh in Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Invasive sampling methods for the lower respiratory tract include bronchoalveolar lavage, protected specimen brushing, and mini-bronchoalveolar lavage (this is also referred as nonbronchoscopic or blind and is performed using special catheters via the tracheal tube). Bronchoalveolar lavage is collected by bronchoscopy; in particular, a bronchoscope is wedged into a subsegment bronchus and 150–200 mL of saline solution is instilled in order to recover epithelial lining fluid. The risk of oral contamination is very low. The specimen is idoneous in the presence of >10 cells/500× field and <1% of epithelial cells.28 Although respiratory viruses are usually evaluated by qualitative assays, the method of epithelial lining fluid sampling by bronchoalveolar lavage can result in very high differences in terms of fluid dilution by the saline solution.
Eosinophilic pneumonia induced by drugs
Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow in Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Bronchoalveolar lavage is often performed to exclude infection or other lung diseases. Although bacterial pneumonias are not associated with increases in either blood or BAL eosinophil counts, such increases can be seen in the setting of pneumonia if the patient has a coexistent drug allergy, for example to an antibiotic. In the intensive-care unit, the differentiation between drug-induced lung disease and nosocomial pneumonia can be particularly vexing since allergy to drugs prescribed in the unit can develop coincident with pulmonary infiltrates for a variety of other reasons, including pneumonia. BAL can also be useful to help exclude fungal or parasitic infection as a cause of pulmonary eosinophilia.
Enzyme-Releasing Peptide
Jason Kelley in Cytokines of the Lung, 2022
Other evidence is derived from studies of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Hunninghake and colleagues (1979, 1983) demonstrated that the cellular makeup of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid does accurately reflect the presence of neutrophils in lung biopsies. They found increased numbers of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and biopsies from cigarette smokers. The problems of getting quantitative data from bronchoalveolar lavage fluids have been reviewed elsewhere (Idell and Cohen, 1985); however, since diseases often cause large changes in quantities of neutrophils and their constituents, the study of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids has been very valuable. Elastolytic activity was measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from patients with ARDS by Lee and colleagues (1981) and by McGuire and colleagues (1982). Subsequently, Idell and colleagues (1985) quantified neutrophil elastase immunologically in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with ARDS and determined that the concentration of neutrophil elastase was highly correlated with the severity of the lung disease. It was then determined that the elastase was complexed to alpha2-macroglobulin (Wewers et al., 1988) and the alpha1-proteinase inhibitor was oxidatively inactivated in many patients (Cochrane et al., 1983). Weiland et al. (1986) also found good correlations between the numbers of neutrophils and the severity of the ARDS. This group demonstrated active collagenase and peroxidative activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, but did not determine that the activity was definitely from neutrophils. They demonstrated that the peroxidase activity was cytotoxic in vitro.
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin contribution to the recruitment of circulating fibrocytes to the lung in a mouse model of chronic allergic asthma
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2018
Zhuang-Gui Chen, Ping Meng, Hong-Tao Li, Ming Li, Li-Fen Yang, Yan Yan, Ya-Ting Li, Xiao-Ling Zou, De-Yun Wang, Tian-Tuo Zhang
Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane (Baxter, Kista, Sweden) by using Matrx Animal Aneathesia Ventilator System (Matrx VIP3000, USA) in this experiment. Mice initially were anesthetized with 2.0% isoflurane. Maintenance of anesthesia was achieved by inhalation of 1.0% isoflurane. The mice were sacrificed with an overdose of anesthetic 24 hours after the assessment of the AHR. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected as previously described (18). Briefly, we performed a tracheotomy on each mouse. A 24-gauge needle was then inserted through the T-type notch, and the BAL fluid was obtained by the infusion and collection of 1 ml of saline, which was repeated three times. The BAL fluid was centrifuged at 500 g for 10 minutes at 4°C, and the supernatant was stored at −80°C for further tests. The cell pellets were resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and a cytospin was performed using a cytocentrifuge (ROTOFLX-32, Hettich, Germany) at 500 rpm for 5 minutes. Bilateral lungs were removed from the chest and immediately fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde before histological processing.
Protective effects of isorhynchophylline against silicon-dioxide-induced lung injury in mice
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Min Qiu, Zheng Yang, Mengni Bian, Changxiao Liu, Yunshan Zhao, Quanli Liu
After anaesthesia was induced, cardiac perfusion was performed to obtain blood-free pulmonary samples, after which the left lung was ligated. Lavage was performed with 2 mL saline from the bronchus to the right lung to obtain bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The BALF samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. Cell-free supernatants were stored at −80 °C and analysed to detect the expression levels of selected biomarkers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cell pellets at the bottom of each centrifuge tube were resuspended in 100 μL saline for differentiation using a light microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The left and right lungs were then removed and weighed. The left lungs were stored at −80 °C and analysed for their hydroxyproline (HYP) content, whereas the right lungs were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for histological examination immediately.
Dioscin attenuates Bleomycin-Induced acute lung injury via inhibiting the inflammatory response in mice
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2019
The mice were randomly divided into four groups (10 mice per group), namely, 1) the Con group (the saline control group), where mice were intratracheally instilled with NS and orally administered with vehicle only; 2) the dioscin group (dioscin control group), where mice were intratracheally instilled with NS and orally administered with dioscin at 80 mg/kg body weight; 3) the BLM group (bleomycin model group), where mice were intratracheally instilled with BLM (5 mg/kg) and orally administered with vehicle only; and 4) the BLM + dioscin group (dioscin-treated group), where mice were intratracheally instilled with BLM (5 mg/kg) and orally administered with dioscin (80 mg/kg). Dioscin or vehicle (0.5% CMC-Na) was orally administered every day for 7 consecutive days. On day 7, mice were sacrificed under anesthesia by exsanguination. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues were collected for the following assays.
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