Stress and stress management
Devinder Rana, Dominic Upton in Psychology for Nurses, 2013
A popular notion was the view that stress was an event that happened to you. Holmes and Rahe (1967) suggested that stress was a consequence of the life events that an individual experienced: the greater the number, or the greater the magnitude of the individual event, the greater the extent of the stress. A key publication was the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) of Holmes and Rahe (1967) (Table 13.1). This scale weighted each of a series of events on how stressful each was. The most stressful, as rated by the respondents, was the death of a spouse which scored 100, while marriage was rated 50, and Christmas 12. The scale consists of a number of everyday events which were rated on a scale of 1 to 100 which has been derived from a number of studies so represents an average level of stressfulness for each of the items.
Theories of the Etiology of Anxiety
Siegfried Kasper, Johan A. den Boer, J. M. Ad Sitsen in Handbook of Depression and Anxiety, 2003
Systematic enquiry into the relationship between events rated as stressful and subsequent illness began with the work of Hinkle and Wolff [22] who found clusters of illness most frequently appeared following an individual’s perception of difficulty in adapting to life situations. The development of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale [23] and subsequent techniques of measuring stressful life events has kindled interest in the role such events may play in the causation and timing of mental illness. Most of this research is retrospective and has concentrated on discrete temporal events usually relating to the 12-month period prior to the onset of symptoms. While there are many methodological difficulties in conducting such research [24], there appears to be a relationship between anxiety symptoms or disorders and stressful life events.
Emotional wellbeing
Karen Stainsby, Mari Roberts in Develop your Interpersonal and Self-Management Skills, 2018
What are our ‘modern-day tigers’? The Social Readjustment Rating Scale proposes the degree of readjustment required following a life event. Holmes and Rahe made a link between life events and illness. In the two years preceding an illness, 300 or more Life Change Units worth of stressful events had occurred.5 What is interesting is that while many of these ‘life events’ are generally considered unpleasant, some are usually regarded as pleasant, e.g. marriage and Christmas. Conducted in the 1960s, the study reflects the social culture of that time but is still valid today. Table 10.1 lists some of the life events and their effect.
Comprehensive overview of the venous disorder known as pelvic congestion syndrome
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Kamil Bałabuszek, Michał Toborek, Radosław Pietura
Sustained clinical improvement after embolisation ranges in various studies from 47 to 100% [101]. There is no consensus on how to report results, and the outcomes are very heterogeneous, which is one of the reasons why it is difficult to compare trials. The systematic review by Brown et al. covering 14 studies and 828 women found an improvement in clinical symptoms after endovascular treatment ranging from 68.3 to 100% [102]. In another systematic review, a statistically significant decrease in pelvic pain was reported in 9 of 13 studies [103]. Daniels et al. analysed 22 cohorts involving 1,308 patients. The average rate of symptom improvement within the first 3 months was 75% [104]. Patients in their 20 s usually have a shorter duration of improvement than older women [50]. Interestingly, smaller ovarian vein diameter may be associated with better clinical improvement [105]. In a study conducted by Chung et al. women who had higher stress scores achieved in standardised stress questionnaire (Revised Social Readjustment Rating Scale) had significantly less improvement after embolisation compared to women with lower perceived stress. The authors suggest a tendency in women who have low-stress tolerance to pay more attention to their physical complaints, such as pain, and a tendency for stress to manifest in autonomic innervated sites such as vascular smooth muscle [95].
Infant iron deficiency, iron supplementation, and psychosocial stress as predictors of neurocognitive development in Chilean adolescents
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Jenalee R. Doom, Sheila Gahagan, Gabriela Caballero, Pamela Encina, Betsy Lozoff
Questionnaires were administered to mothers when their infants were 6–12 months old to assess family-level psychosocial stress. Psychosocial stress was operationalized as a composite variable using the top quartile of risk in 7 categories: maternal depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression scale) [14], home support for child development (Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment Inventory) [15], maternal stress (modified Social Readjustment Rating Scale) [16], father absence, socioeconomic status (modified Graffar Index) [17], and maternal and paternal education. Risk was defined as being equal to or greater than the top quartile defined by the descriptive statistics for each category. Participants in the risk quartile for each category were assigned a score of 1, while those in the three non-risk quartiles were assigned a score of 0. These values were added to create a risk score from 0 to 7. For occasional other missing items, the score was prorated with the non-missing items (using the mean across available items). Participants were given a missing value for the composite if 4 or more items were missing. More details are provided in the supplemental methods.
Exposure to personal and community violence and associated drug use outcomes in African American young adults
Published in Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2022
Forough Saadatmand, Craig Dearfield, Jennifer Bronson, Roderick Harrison
Life stressors were adapted from the Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory (Holmes & Rahe, 1967). The Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale is a measure of general life stress other than ETV. The variables used for this analysis were determined from a factor analysis to group the items in the scale to a set of unique latent factors. The factors used in this analysis were 1) whether there was a family breakup due to crime, 2) activity changes, 3) whether a family friend died or was incarcerated, and 4) changes in religious activities.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Allostatic Load
- Stress
- Validity
- Cross-Cultural Psychology
- Life Events & Difficulties Schedule
- Diathesis–Stress Model
- Cernysmith Assessment
- Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
- Psychoneuroimmunology