Coping with the “Syndrome of Imposed Ethnicity” among Ethnic Russians
Walter J. Lonner, Dale L. Dinnel, Deborah K. Forgays, Susanna A. Hayes in Merging Past, Present, and Future in Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2020
Further, we tried to define which strategies of social perception of behaviour can help to preserve or restore positive ethnic identity. The correlation analysis has revealed a number of socio-psychological mechanisms or coping strategies that may neutralise the syndrome of imposed ethnicity and restore positive ethnic identity and tolerance. Those mechanisms are the formation of positive local ethnic identity, the predominance of personal identity over group identity, increased cultural distance of Russia and Russians, decreased cultural distance to the country of residence, and the creation of local Russian community centers.
Social Psychology
Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay in Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Social perception is the process by which individuals form impressions of and make inferences about other individuals or social groups. It is one of the components of social cognition. Social perception includes knowledge about social roles, rules, norms, and schemas surrounding social situations and interactions. Social perceptions can obviously be flawed, even skilled observers can misperceive, misjudge, and reach wrong conclusions. Aside from the available information, observers with different moods and temperament can account for a variety of perceptions. The importance of social perception is derived from the fact that people’s impressions and judgments about others, whether accurate or not, can have profound effects on their own and others’ behavior. Social perception is formed through observation, attribution, integration, and confirmation:Observations of available data: the raw data of social perception include the interplay of three sources: persons, situations, and behavior. These sources are used as evidence in supporting a person’s impression or inference about others.Attribution: the process through which people infer the link of events or behaviors and its possible causes (see p. 306).Integration: all available information is incorporated into a unified impression.Confirmation of impressions: individuals form final impressions that are subject to confirmation biases and the threat of a self-fulfilling prophecy. Confirmation is also shaped by an individual’s current motivations, emotions, and cognitive load capacity. Cognitive load is the complete amount of mental effort used in the working memory.
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy
Philip N. Murphy in The Routledge International Handbook of Psychobiology, 2018
The final issue is public perception. Articles about MDMA-assisted therapy in the press have often stated that it is being used by therapists to resolve clinical distress. The readers then believe that since the drug is medically approved, it must be safe for them to take recreationally. This issue of social perception was debated in earlier articles (Parrott, 2013, 2014a,b), since it generates very inaccurate concepts and beliefs in young people. One of my main concerns about MDMA-assisted psychotherapy is the very misleading message being sent to young people. Around ten years ago, one of our participants stated that he had been against taking MDMA, until he read an article in a scientific journal stating that MDMA was being licensed for use in psychotherapy. That meant MDMA must be safe – and so he started using it recreationally. When assessed later in our neurocognitive study, he showed the typical memory deficits, and other associated problems. How many other young people have perceived this misleading message – and decided to use MDMA recreationally as a result? Every year my university students inform me that since MDMA has been approved for therapy, it must be safe for them to use (Parrott, 2014a). The inaccuracy of this belief can be illustrated by the empirical findings of Taurah et al (2013). They found that current and former ecstasy/MDMA poly-drug users displayed various psychological deficits, and that former users displayed minimal recovery despite several years of abstinence. Taurah et al (2013) concluded that: ‘Given this record of impaired memory and clinically significant levels depression, impulsiveness, and sleep disturbance, the prognosis for the current generation of ecstasy users is a major cause for concern.’ To summarize, MDMA is not a safe drug. The advocates for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy see MDMA as a magic bullet with ‘entactogenic’ properties. Yet in psychobiological terms, MDMA is just another damaging CNS stimulant (Parrott, 2015). The initial effects of MDMA can be very pleasant, especially when taken with a positive mindset. However, acutely, it can be damaging, and its repeated usage can lead to many neuropsychobiological deficits (Table 10.1). There are far too many health concerns for MDMA to be accepted as a safe drug for human consumption.
Navigating Sexualization as a Sexuality Professional: Recommendations from Sexuality Educators at the 2016 National Sex Ed Conference
Published in American Journal of Sexuality Education, 2018
Mark A. Levand, Sasha N. Canan
Social perception involves taking available information about a person (e.g., their job title), and applying it to other perceived information about that person (Smith & Collins, 2009). For example, when people hear that someone is a chef, they understand that they work with food, likely in a kitchen, and are good enough at their profession that someone would pay them for their skill. Upon hearing that someone is a sex educator, people may apply their preconceived notions (schema) for understanding sex and education to create ideas of what a sex educator's job entails. With the word sex in a job title, because of its varied meaning and even more varied experience of its taboo nature, the assumptions people make are often related to how sex intersects with the other things they know about the educator. This then allows the person to proceed further and mentally act on those perceptions (e.g., by sexualizing the professional in inappropriate ways).
Lesbians’ Negative Affect Toward Sexual Minority People with Stereotypical Masculine and Feminine Characteristics
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2018
Marco Salvati, Jessica Pistella, Mauro Giacomantonio, Roberto Baiocco
According to the stereotype content model (SCM; Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002) and its revised version, Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotype (BIAS) Map Model (Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick, 2007), there are two main trait dimensions—warmth and competence—that consistently emerge as the two central dimensions of social perception. Moreover, depending on where a person ranks on the two axes, he or she elicits different emotions and behaviors in others (Cuddy et al., 2007; Fiske et al., 2002). Although several researches on social perception of gay men and lesbians investigated only the superordinate representation of gay and lesbian people (Asbrock, 2010; Fiske et al., 2002), other studies have investigated the stereotypical content and negative attitudes toward specific subgrouping of gay men and lesbians (Brambilla, Carnaghi, & Ravenna, 2011a, 2011b; Clausell & Fiske, 2005; Fingerhut & Peplau, 2006). Unfortunately, such studies have always been conducted only on heterosexual participants. In addition, they showed different findings for gay men and lesbian targets and there are some differences in the results found in the Italian context compared to North-American ones.
Stereotype Deduction About Bisexual Women
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2018
Finally, the stereotype deduction account yields predictions for future research about other social groups. Stereotypes can be deduced in cases where social groups, by their definition, deviate from a well-established system of shared meaning. For example, the stereotypes that gay men are feminine and lesbians are masculine might be deduced as a reversal of the social roles ascribed to men and women. In this case, common sense can guide social perception, even without social contact with the stereotyped group. However, such a claim would be difficult to substantiate, as exposure to these groups is common and stereotypes could result from the overgeneralization of uncommon features (Hamilton, 1981). One approach for future research would be to find converging evidence from other relatively unknown social groups. For example, asexuality, or lack of sexual attraction, is considered a distinct sexual orientation by some (Bogaert, 2015) and is often associated with transitional immaturity (MacNeela & Murphy, 2015). This perception possibly stems from the overarching notion that the development of sexual attraction is a necessary outcome of puberty, which would suggest that asexual individuals are underdeveloped and immature. As asexuality is also largely unknown to the general public, the stereotype deduction account predicts that a negative correlation between stereotype knowledge and biased evaluation will emerge in the evaluation of asexuals.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cognitive Load
- Facial Expression
- Working Memory
- Body Language
- Observation
- Attribution
- Social Psychology
- Display Rules
- Thin-Slicing
- Fundamental Attribution Error