Anxiety and Depression and Asthma
Jonathan A. Bernstein, Mark L. Levy in Clinical Asthma, 2014
A specific phobia is an extreme or irrational fear of a specific object or situation (e.g., heights, snakes, flying). Social phobia is a marked or persistent fear of social or performance situations involving unfamiliar people or scrutiny by others. PTSD consists of symptoms of reexperiencing (e.g., flashbacks), avoidance, and physiological arousal (e.g., exaggerated startle response) following exposure to a traumatic event where an individual experienced extreme fear, helplessness, or horror.8 Generalized anxiety disorder is typically what is thought of by the term “anxiety” and consists of periods of intense worry that are excessive, pervasive, and uncontrollable. Separation anxiety disorder is a disorder of childhood only, that is characterized by developmentally inappropriate and excessive anxiety regarding separation from home or from those to whom the individual is attached. Panic disorder consists of recurrent or unexpected panic attacks (discrete periods of fear in which physical symptoms develop abruptly and peak within 10 min) as well as worry about future panic attacks and avoidance of situations that might produce panic attacks. OCD consists of intrusive and recurring thoughts (obsessions) that often result in repetitive behaviors or rituals that are repeated excessively to reduce anxiety (compulsions). Agoraphobia, or anxiety about being in a place or situation where escape might be difficult in the event of a panic attack, can occur within the context of panic disorder or alone.8
Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder (ASAD)
Judy Z. Koenigsberg in Anxiety Disorders, 2020
Symptoms of separation anxiety disorder include chronic distress when an individual separates from home or from primary attachment persons (APA, 2013). Individuals with separation anxiety disorder may be afraid to be by themselves or without their primary attachment persons either when they are at home or when they are in other settings (Carmassi et al., 2015). Children with symptoms of separation anxiety disorder frequently display behaviors that are disruptive or avoidant that disturb their own academic and social development as well as the daily life of the family unit (Pincus, Santucci, Ehrenreich, & Eyberg, 2008). Children with separation anxiety disorder frequently refuse to attend school, and, generally, do not participate in age appropriate activities such as birthday parties and sleepovers (Doobay, 2008; Kapalka & Peters, 2013). They tend to report somatic symptoms such as nausea and stomach pains more frequently than do children with phobias (Last, 1991). Reports of somatic symptoms suggest avoidance or physiological distress, and these children may find it hard to sleep in the absence of a parent as well (Albano, Chorpita, & Barlow, 1996; Black, 1995; Tonge, 1994;). Whereas, generally, the attachment figures of children with separation anxiety disorder are their parents, and symptoms include school refusal, tantrums, and crying, the attachment figures of adults are a child or a spouse, and symptoms include repeated attempts to stay in close contact even when not practical (Pini et al., 2010; Rochester & Baldwin, 2015).
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Stephen M. Stahl, Bret A. Moore in Anxiety Disorders: A Guide for Integrating Psychopharmacology and Psychotherapy, 2013
The etiology of separation anxiety disorder is unknown; however, genetics is thought to play a role, as children of anxious adults are much more likely to present symptoms of various anxiety disorders, including SAD. In fact, comparing symptoms of anxious parents and their offspring, some have suggested that any differences are better thought of as dimensional rather than categorical (for example, frequency and intensity of symptoms, rather than presence or absence of any specific disorder) (Albano, Chorpita & Barlow, 2003). This tendency toward anxiety and resultant avoidant behaviors has been conceptualized as an inhibited temperamental style that is evident in up to 85& of children of adults with panic disorder with agoraphobia (Biederman, Rosenbaum, Bolduc, Faraone, & Hirshfeld, 1991), and twin studies have suggested that heritability accounts for about 29& and heritability-environment interaction accounts for another 33& of the occurrence of anxiety disorders (Stevenson, Batten, & Cherner, 1992). Hyperreactivity of the limbic system, especially the pituitary–hypothalamic–adrenal axis, is usually presumed to underlie the biological vulnerability, and life stressors, such as death or illness of a relative, changing schools, and moving commonly contribute to the development of SAD. Other family factors associated with SAD are family conflict, marital discord, frequent negative feedback from parents, and parental restriction (Barrett, 1998). Onset can occur during preschool age and up until before age 18, though onset in adolescence is uncommon. The course of the disorder usually involves exacerbation and remission phases, with relapses following significant life stressors. Furthermore, some have suggested that symptoms may persist throughout the lifespan, manifesting in social and affective limitations (Masi, Mucci, & Millipiedi, 2001).
Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the DSM-5 Separation Anxiety Disorder Severity Scale–child form
Published in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2019
Şermin Yalın Sapmaz, Handan Özek Erkuran, Masum Öztürk, Dilek Ergin, Nesrin Şen Celasin, Duygu Karaarslan, Ertuğrul Köroğlu, Ömer Aydemir
Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is an intense and extreme anxiety and fear that is felt by an individual within the context of him/her separating from the people he/she is emotionally attached to, which is developmentally inappropriate and lasts for at least 4 weeks. It is common that the child feels he/she will lose his/her main attachment figures, an overt, extreme, and continuous fear of experiencing some trouble or a situation that might trigger an unexpected and undesired separation from these figures, unwillingness to attend school or to go to other places due to fear of separation, avoidance of being alone at home or outside or being in situations where he/she has to be separate from his/her main attachment figures, continuous nightmares about the issue of separation, and a reluctance to go to sleep without one of his/her main attachment figures present at his/her side. Somatic symptoms frequently accompany the clinical course within the context of separation [1].
Emotional and cognitive conflict resolution and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder in adolescent offspring of parents diagnosed with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and matched healthy controls
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2021
Zehra Topal, Nuran Demir, Evren Tufan, Taha Can Tuman, Bengi Semerci
The most common diagnoses among our sample of adolescents were ADHD, separation anxiety, and oppositional defiant disorder. All tended to be more common among high-risk offspring without significant differences among MDD and BD. Recent studies suggest that oppositionality and thought problems may be elevated among BDoff while anxiety may be elevated in both BDoff and MDDoff [56]. Also, some of the anxiety disorders may form a prodrome of BP [57]. The relationship between ADHD, disruptive behavior disorders, anxiety disorders and mood disorders is well known, but the number of studies conducted specifically for separation anxiety disorder (SepAD) is very few [58]. The rates of SepAD co-morbidity were found to be 61.7% in mood disorders, 40.8% in major depression and 19.4% in BD [59]. Patients with BD and comorbid SepAD may have an earlier age of onset [60]. Previous studies conducted among offspring of Turkish parents with mood disorders found that ADHD and anxiety disorders were the most common diagnoses [61,62]. Rates of ADHD and anxiety disorders (including SepAD) in those studies varied between 5.7 and 29.4% and 5.7 and 19.4%, respectively. In this study, separation anxiety disorder was one of the most common disorders in high-risk adolescents for mood disorders, but no significant difference was found between MDDoff and BDoff.
Caregiver’s reports of their children’s psychological symptoms after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and caregiver’s perceived stress in Turkey
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2022
Ahmet Büber, Merve Aktaş Terzioğlu
The results of the regression for depressive disorder-related symptoms indicate that the model explained 0.14 of the variance and that the model was significant, F(6,1790) = 49.323, p<.001. We found that psychiatric disorders, not seeing relatives, having a COVID-related health-worker parent, and PSS scores were significantly correlated with depressive disorder-related symptoms (p < 0.05) (Table 6). The results of the regression for generalized anxiety disorder-related symptoms indicated that the model explained 0.13 of the variance and that the model was significant, F(6,1790) = 45.571, p<.001. We found that psychiatric disorders, not seeing relatives, having a COVID-related health-worker parent, and PSS scores were significantly correlated with generalized anxiety disorder-related symptoms (p < 0.05) (Table 7). The results of the regression for separation anxiety disorder-related symptoms indicated that the model explained 0.09 of the variance and that the model was significant, F(6,1790) = 31.427, p<.001. We found that gender, chronic illnesses, psychiatric disorders, not seeing relatives, having a COVID-related health-worker parent, and PSS scores were significantly correlated with separation anxiety disorder-related symptoms (p < 0.05) (Table 8).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anxiety
- Anxiety Disorder
- Attachment Theory
- Classical Conditioning
- Cognition
- Learning Theory
- Secure Attachment
- Temperament
- School Refusal
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder