Pediatric Lifestyle Medicine
James M. Rippe in Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
As a result of defining reinforcement functionally, the pragmatic goal of behavior change remains at the forefront when applying this principle. Additionally, a number of structural distinctions have proven valuable when describing reinforcement and applying it to change behavior. First, it is often helpful to describe the form of the environmental change that reinforces behavior in terms of addition or subtraction of stimuli. When reinforcement occurs due to a stimulus being added to or increased in the environment following behavior, it is referred to as positive reinforcement. For example, if a parent was not paying attention to their child at a meal, the child began spitting out vegetables, and only then the parent started paying attenti on to the child, this would be positive reinforcement if the child became more likely to spit out vegetables during that or future meals. When reinforcement occurs due to a stimulus being decreased, removed, or avoided following behavior, it is referred to as negative reinforcement. The previous example of alleviation of hypoglycemia would be considered negative reinforcement.
Neurobehavioural Rehabilitation: A Developing Paradigm
Tom M. McMillan, Rodger Ll. Wood in Neurobehavioural Disability and Social Handicap following Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Operant conditioning asserts that behaviour ‘operates’ on the environment and is maintained by its consequences. The probability that behaviour will occur again is dependent on whether it is a) rewarded (positive and negative reinforcement), b) not rewarded, c) if an expected reward has been withheld (extinction), or d) if behaviour is punished (positive punishment). The positive reinforcement principle states that behaviours are maintained through contingent delivery of reinforcement, including social attention and preferred activities. Likelihood of behaviours maintaining or increasing also occurs through negative reinforcement, when they serve a function that removes, postpones, or reduces aversive stimuli (such as demanding activities). These are often conceptualised as escape or avoidance behaviours. Behaviour that results in some aversive consequence or withdrawing a reinforcer that is maintaining it will do likewise, and may result in permanent change to a person’s behavioural repertoire.
From assessment to intervention
Rosa Angela Fabio, Tindara Caprì, Gabriella Martino in Understanding Rett Syndrome, 2019
Reinforcement occurs when an event following a response causes an increase in the probability of that response occurring in the future. Response strength can be assessed by measures such as the frequency with which the response happens (for example, a child may rise from the bench more times during the lesson), or the speed with which it happens (for example, the child may read a book page faster than another child). The environment change contingent upon the response is called a reinforcer. Reinforcers are nice events that may increase the probability that the subsequent behavior will be shown again. There are different types of reinforcement. A primary reinforcer is a stimulus that does not require pairing to function as a reinforcer and most likely has obtained this function through evolution and its role in the species’ survival (Fabio et al., 2009; Fabio et al., 2011). For example, if a girl with RTT likes to eat, when she correctly chooses the target (a food), rather than another stimulus (cartoon), you can give her a biscuit or her favorite food. Examples of primary reinforcements include sleep, food, air, water, and sex. While these primary reinforcements are fairly stable through life and across individuals, the reinforcing value of different primary reinforcements varies due to multiple factors (e.g. genetics, experience). Thus, one person may prefer one type of food, while another abhors it. Or one person may eat lots of food, while another eats very little. So even though food is a primary reinforcer for both individuals, the value of food as a reinforcer differs between them (see Figure 5.4).
Training recurrent neural networks as generative neural networks for molecular structures: how does it impact drug discovery?
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Sofia D’Souza, Prema Kv, Seetharaman Balaji
Although a large library of molecules are generated using recurrent neural networks, the likelihood of obtaining optimized molecules by screening them against the desired objective is very small. Reinforcement learning in conjunction with RNN was proposed to enhance the likelihood of obtaining optimized molecules. Reinforcement learning is a technique that enables the agent to learn to achieve a goal in an interactive environment through trial and error to maximize reward (or minimize penalty). In a deep learning model, RL rewards the model if the chemical structure is generated with the desired properties and punishes for the undesired properties [63] (Figure 4). In case of SMILES, the model rewards if the generated SMILES correspond to chemical structures with the desired properties.
The rewards US university students associate with campus dining halls and food choices
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Patricia Powell, Sheleigh Lawler, Jo Durham, Katherine Cullerton
Various theories across disciplines and ontological perspectives attempt to explain decision-making. Most theories recognize the importance of rewards4–7 with the term “reward” referring to that which we are willing to acquire through allocation of time, energy, or effort.8,9 During learning, parts of the brain and neural pathways that comprise the “reward system” encode both experiences and associated rewards. These rewards are either anticipated and compared during future goal-directed decision-making or used to prompt habitual behavior.5,8,10,11 Rewards may be considered proximal, such as a taste reward when eating, or more distal, for example, future weight loss. Once a choice is made, the positive reinforcement of an achieved reward, called “reward learning,” helps to shape future behaviors.12
The subjective experience of non-suicidal self-injury among female Chinese university students
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2022
Siu Ling Wong, Man Cheung Chung
Based on clinical observations, non-suicidal self-injury can serve different purposes, which have been classified into two general domains: positive/negative automatic and positive/negative social reinforcement [12]. Automatic positive reinforcement aims to increase individuals' emotional or physiological desired states such as relaxation or feeling something even if the NSSI behaviour is painful. Automatic negative reinforcement decreases aversive affective or physiological states by blocking negative feelings or relieving feelings of numbness or emptiness. Social positive reinforcement refers to increased social support such as getting attention or gaining control in a social situation. Social negative reinforcement aims to remove social demands such as attending school or interacting with people.
Related Knowledge Centers
- ADDiction
- Applied Behavior Analysis
- Behaviorism
- Flashbulb Memory
- Operant Conditioning
- Psychopharmacology
- Reward System
- Motivational Salience
- Reliability
- Experimental Analysis of Behavior