Signs and Symptoms in Psychiatry
Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay in Essentials of Psychiatric Assessment, 2018
Mood is best assessed by describing four variables: predominant mood and its intensity, its duration, reactivity, and diurnal variation: Predominant mood: euthymic, anxious, depressed, dysphoric, apprehensive, happy, euphoric, angry, and irritable. One should be as specific as possible in describing a mood, and vague terms such as “upset” or “agitated” should be avoided. The depth or intensity of the prevailing mood should be stated.Duration: refers to the persistence of the mood, measured in hours, days, weeks, months, or even years. Duration is of diagnostic importance, e.g., 2 weeks of depressed mood is essential to diagnose major depressive dis order, while 2 years of depressed mood is essential to diagnose dysthymia.Reactivity: refers to whether or not mood changes in response to external events or circumstances.Diurnal variation: refers to the consistency of the mood within the course of the day, e.g., depression is present continually but is greater in the morning and lifts slightly as the day goes on.
A Brief Background
Nathan Keighley in Miraculous Medicines and the Chemistry of Drug Design, 2020
Understanding electrons is essential to chemistry. In a reaction, chemical bonds must be broken: this may be a heterolytic cleavage, where two electrons in the bond move to one species to form ions, or a homolytic cleavage, where the pair of electrons are shared to produce free radicals. In organic chemistry, the movement of electrons is shown with curly arrows to produce organic reaction mechanisms, which will feature later in the text. Since reactivity is the movement of electrons to break weak bonds and make new, stronger bonds, it is possible to predict how an organic reaction mechanism will proceed. For two reacting molecules, identify where the electrons are coming from. This molecule is termed the nucleophile—a negatively charged ion, or neutral molecule with a lone pair of electrons which are donated to form a covalent bond. The electrons are received by the electron-deficient molecule called an electrophile. Whether a given molecule will react as a nucleophile or an electrophile depends on the functional groups that are present.
Perceived Sensitive Skin at Different Anatomical Sites
Golara Honari, Rosa M. Andersen, Howard Maibach in Sensitive Skin Syndrome, 2017
A number of test methods have been developed to objectively identify individuals with sensitive skin. A few examples are listed in Table 17.3. Some of these methods evaluate sensory responses such as stinging in response to the application of lactic acid (64) or capsaicin (55) or irritant reactions to materials such as SLS (65). However, there is a great deal of interpersonal variability in individual responses to specific irritants (3,54,66), even among chemicals with similar modes of action (67). Reactivity to one chemical is not necessarily predictive of reactivity to other materials (68). Biometric measures of possible underlying physical effects show promise, such as TEWL to assess barrier function, cross-polarized light and/or temperature differences to evaluate underlying blood flow, or measurement of cytokines. However, to date, no single objective test exists to identify individuals with hyperreactive or sensitive skin.
Applications of fluorine to the construction of bioisosteric elements for the purposes of novel drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
One of the fundamentals of medicinal chemistry is that structurally alike compounds have both similar physicochemical properties and biological activities, and this is central to the strategic implementation of bioisosteres within a program. Designing molecules featuring bioisosteric replacements introduces structural changes to a lead compound affecting properties such as its size, shape, lipophilicity, pKa, etc. Primary factors that need to be considered for a planned bioisosteric substitution include: i) molecular size and volume, electron distribution of atoms as well as degree of hybridization, polarity, bond angles and distances, inductive and mesomeric effects, ii) conformational factors, which plan a major role in the use of fluorine in such situations as well as the H-bonding features (accepting vs donating, inter- vs intra-molecular) of the substituent, iii) chemical reactivity especially those related to metabolic processes, and iv) lipophilicity/solubility.
Acoustic mist ionization mass spectrometry (AMI-MS) as a drug discovery platform
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2019
Ian Sinclair, Gareth Davies, Hannah Semple
In addition to the ability to screen compounds against a biological target to understand their impact on its catalytic activity, we can also profile compounds for their chemical reactivity to help understand the mechanism by which this catalytic inhibition is produced. Two key areas of concern are reduction and oxidation, and reactivity with thiols. These mechanisms can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species, which can react chemically with amino acids in the enzyme, or compounds that covalently bind to cysteine residues in the enzyme. These mechanisms can impact the enzyme’s ability to perform its catalytic function but are not normally the mechanisms of action sought in early drug discovery.
Molecular docking and statistical optimization of taurocholate-stabilized galactose anchored bilosomes for the enhancement of sofosbuvir absorption and hepatic relative targeting efficiency
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Marianne Joseph Naguib, Amira Moustafa Kamel, Ahmed Thabet Negmeldin, Ahmed Hassen Elshafeey, Ibrahim Elsayed
STC as a secondary amide and is considered as non-basic non-acidic molecule under physiological conditions. In the presence of very strong acid (HCl) and high temperature (110°C), amides are partially protonated. This reactivity is taken as an advantage in condensation and hydrolysis reactions (DeRuiter, 2005; Mesher et al., 2017). On the other hand, d-galactose in acidic solution transforms into an enol tautomeric structure which promotes removing a water molecule during the reaction between STC and d-galactose to form the enamine form of galactosylated taurocholate, as shown in Figure 4(A) (Cook, 2017).
Related Knowledge Centers
- External Validity
- Hawthorne Effect
- Blinded Experiment
- John Henry Effect
- Observer-Expectancy Effect
- Pygmalion Effect
- Demand Characteristics
- Watching-Eye Effect
- Social-Desirability Bias