Antipsychotic Drugs
Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur in Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Psychosis characteristically refers to a mental state involving a loss of contact with reality. According to the fifth edition of the article, “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,” psychosis is defined by the presence of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (including catatonia), or negative symptoms (Seikkula et al., 2011). Psychosis may occur at any age, but in older population its etiology, manifestation, and treatment deserve special consideration. Psychosis in the older population, may occur in the framework of early-onset schizophrenia that persists into later life, late-onset schizophrenia, delusion disorders, mood disorders with psychotic features, and various dementias including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Additionally, it occurs as a result of drug use and withdrawal, both prescription and illicit, and in context of delirium, autoimmune disorders, stroke, brain tumors, metabolic disturbances, central nervous system infections, and various chronic neurological disorders. Further research indicates that a combination of genetic and environmental factors creates a situation where a person is vulnerable to, or at greater risk of developing psychosis.
Hallucinations and Deception
Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier in Detecting Malingering and Deception, 2020
The major psychotic disorders are associated with symptoms of hallucinations (DSM- V, American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The most commonly reported symptoms associated with psychosis are auditory and visual hallucinations (Barnes, 2014; Dudley et al., 2018, 2019), which can be accompanied by delusional thought. Vivid hallucinations can be seen in all the schizophrenic subtypes. Hallucinations and delusions are also associated with the affective disorders. When considering a major affective disorder, the clinician using DSM-V diagnostic criteria is asked to clarify specifiers as to whether reported hallucinations are mood congruent or mood incongruent. The significance of this determination has to do with the level of illness severity and corresponding implications for potential behavioral risks such as suicide.
Psychiatric Diagnosis: The State of the Art
Mark S. Gold, R. Bruce Lydiard, John S. Carman in Advances in Psychopharmacology: Predicting and Improving Treatment Response, 2018
The decision of the task force to group together major disorders that share a common predominant dysfunction has enhanced consistency over prior classification schemes.8 All the disorders of mood, for example, are contained in a single category. In DSM II, major affective disorder was classified with the functional psychoses, dysthymic disorder with the neuroses, and cyclothymic disorder with the personality disorders. Similarly, anxiety disorders have been grouped together in DSM III. These decisions are based on the current literature: family studies, prognosis, and somatic treatment response all support this orientation. Furthermore, this organization acknowledges the fact that a description of the crosssectional psychopathology is an unreliable criterion when used alone. As Pope and Lipinski7 have demonstrated, a particular episode of manic psychosis can be indistinguishable from an acute schizophrenic episode or any other psychosis but still retain the other features shared with bipolar illness (see Table 2). It is primarily an affective disorder, not a psychosis. All of these efforts ought to stimulate clinicians to carefully look at the syndrome over time and gather all available data regarding past personal and family history. It is dangerous to cross-sectionally diagnose an acute illness and treat the illness in a day or two.
Cariprazine for treating psychosis: an updated meta-analysis
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2023
Marcelo B. Generoso, Ivan Taiar, Quirino Cordeiro, Pedro Shiozawa, Siegfried Kasper
Psychosis is a psychiatric syndrome related to conditions in which there has been some loss of contact with reality. This syndrome includes major symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions and cognitive impairment. In clinical daily practice, well-established psychiatric disorders may present with psychosis such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and it is not uncommon that symptoms of both disorders overlap making the definitive diagnosis an ongoing challenge especially in first episodes (Pearlson, 2015). It is clear that early treatment of psychotic illness with antipsychotic medications improves outcomes and reduces relapse rates, but treatment response and tolerability are highly variable and many patients have unremitting symptoms in spite of adequate pharmacological trials (Zipursky et al., 2014). Hence it is crucial initiating effective treatment of psychosis even before definitive diagnosis is made.
Association Between Self-Reported Traumatic Brain Injury and Threat/Control-Override
Published in International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2020
Raquel V. Oliveira, Kevin M. Beaver
A psychosis is generally characterized by the presence of one or more of the following symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized/abnormal motor behavior, and negative symptoms (reduced emotional expression, avolition, anhedonia, asociality) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The diagnosis of psychotic disorder due to TBI is not, however, an easy one to make (Batty, Rossell, Francis, & Ponsford, 2013; Guerreiro et al., 2009). Some have proposed that the diagnosis of psychotic disorder due to traumatic brain injury (PDTBI) can only be made when hallucinations or delusions are present, when these symptoms cannot be better explained by another disorder, diagnosis or antecedent cause, and when there is evidence that they are a direct physiological consequence of TBI (Fujii & Ahmed, 2002; Guerreiro et al., 2009). However, the research assessing this relationship between TBI and psychosis and psychotic-like symptoms is still quite sparse, being that it is not possible to definitely establish a causal relationship between TBI and psychosis (Batty et al., 2013; Harrison et al., 2006; Silver, Kramer, Greenwald, & Weissman, 2001).
Exploring the Health Status of People with First-Episode Psychosis Enrolled in the Early Intervention in Psychosis Program
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2020
Gin-Liang Chee, Dianne Wynaden, Karen Heslop
All participants were well enough to participate in the research and provided informed consent. The inclusion criteria were the same as the primary study, which were people diagnosed with a mental illness based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Disease (ICD-10) and receiving treatment at a tertiary mental health service. Participants were placed in either the EIP (A) or comparison (B) group:People with FEP – i) newly diagnosed with FEP based on the WHO ICD-10 classification; ii) taking antipsychotic medication for the first time during the 12 month study period, and iii) enrolled in an EIP program.People with psychosis – i) diagnosis of psychosis according to WHO ICD-10 classification; ii) taking antipsychotic medications regularly for 2 or more years, and iii) enrolled in continuing care program and cared for by community mental health team.
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