A triune model for sleep and dreams
Frederick L. Coolidge, Ernest Hartmann in Dream Interpretation as a Psychotherapeutic Technique, 2018
Priming is said to have occurred when recognition or performance is facilitated by prior exposure to the target stimuli. I propose that the content of REM sleep, and, perhaps, thoughts and ideas from other stages, may serve to prime sleepers to be response-ready in their subsequent waking activities. For example, imagine two ancient hunters, the night before a big hunt. One dreams he (or she) has forgotten to bring his (or her) extra knife on the hunt. The other dreams away blissfully. In the morning, the anxious dreamer is prompted to remember his or her extra knife upon awakening. The other dreamer forgets the extra knife. Who is more likely to survive and adapt should an extra knife be needed? I think it would be the anxious dreamer. Thus, the anxious content of our dreams can prime us to be more successful in our waking life.
Sleep Promoting Improvement of Declarative Memory
Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel in Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, 2019
Implicit memory can also come about from priming. You are “primed” by your experiences; if you have heard something very recently, or many more times than another thing, you are primed to recall it more quickly. For instance, if you were asked to name an American city that starts with the letters “Ch,” you would most likely answer Chicago, unless you have a close personal connection to our recent experience with another “Ch” city (Charlotte, Cheyenne, Charleston…) because you have heard about Chicago more often. In the brain, the neural pathways representing things we have experienced more often are more salient than those for things with which we have fewer experiences. As with short-term memory, long-term memory can weaken with age or cognitive conditions. For example, it can be harder to complete a procedure that was previously quite easy for you. You might forget a step to baking a cake you’ve baked a hundred times, and that you thought you had firmly committed to memory.
Social Psychology
Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay in Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
An accessible schema is more quickly activated and used in a particular situation. Two cognitive processes can increase the accessibility of schemas: salience and priming. Salience is the degree to which a particular social object stands out relative to other social objects in a situation. The higher the salience of an object, the more likely the schema for that object will be made accessible, e.g., if there is one female in a group of seven males, female gender schemas may be more accessible and influence the group’s thinking and behavior toward the female group member. Priming refers to situational contexts that immediately precede a situation and cause a schema to be more accessible, e.g., watching a scary movie late at night might increase the accessibility of frightening schemas, increasing the likelihood that a person will perceive shadows and background noises as potential threats.
Individuals with Psychopathic Traits view Distracting Neutral Information as Negatively Valenced
Published in International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2018
Scott Tillem, Arielle Baskin-Sommers
In contrast to inhibitory devaluation, affective priming occurs largely independently of an individual's allocation of selective attention. Affective priming is when an implicit evaluation of an affective prime leads to subsequent stimuli being viewed as the same valence as that prime. This phenomenon is observed when an individual is exposed to an affectively valenced, task-irrelevant, priming stimulus prior to judging his/her affective response to a different, task-relevant, neutral stimulus (Klauer, 1997). Even though the individual may not be deliberately attending to the prime, their initial exposure to the affective stimulus “primes” that individual to view the subsequent neutral stimulus with the same affective valence as the prime. For example, if an individual was primed with a picture of a sad face, and then was asked to rate their response to a particular type of food, the sad face prime would increase the likelihood that individual would rate the food more negatively. This affective priming effect would occur even if the individual was not explicitly instructed to attend to the sad face, or even if the individual was not consciously aware that a sad face had been presented (Sweeny, Grabowecky, Suzuki, & Paller, 2009).
Developing effective vaccines: Cues from natural infection
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2018
Vishakha Bhurani, Aditi Mohankrishnan, Alexandre Morrot, Sarat Kumar Dalai
The essence of using this strategy is that during natural infection, the antigen dose (e.g. viral titer) increases gradually and so would be the level of inflammation. This phenomenon of sequential priming might have a role to play in the final outcome of memory generation. We believe that subjecting the host to steadily increasing dose of antigen and adjuvant would involve more room for more naïve T cells to be recruited in the T cell response. The antigen presenting cells could possibly be appearing in waves at the site of infection, undergoing subsequent activation based on the inflammatory milieu, traversing to the nearest draining lymph node and priming naïve T cells. This might lead to generation of T cells with varying attributes including affinities contributing to T cell heterogeneity. The chances of overt inflammation are minimized using this strategy as adjuvant is seen by the host in a graded manner. This initial phase lasting for a window of 3–4 days would drive the T cells to a differentiation program favouring generation of memory. Moreover, once the active infection subsides, the T cell response moves towards the contraction phase culminating to T cell memory lymphocytes. This phase of T cell contraction coincides with resolution of infection, which is characterized by low doses of antigen and low levels of inflammation. These conditions also might have a role to play in memory generation.
Exploring the best evidence research to design and implement social story interventions: A critically appraised topic
Published in Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention, 2021
Susan S. Johnston, Robyn Thompson, Cheri W. Blue, Joe Reichle
Priming is an antecedent intervention strategy designed to prepare an individual for an upcoming activity by providing a preview of the activity in a context that offers high reinforcement and low demands (e.g. Gengouz, 2015; Koegel et al., 2003; Zanolli et al., 1996). Priming interventions have effectively increased academic responding (e.g. Koegel et al., 2003) and social interactions (e.g. Gengoux, 2009; Sawyer et al., 2005). Other researchers have noted that SS intervention procedures incorporate strategies used in priming (e.g. Kokina & Kern, 2020), and it is interesting to note that studies included in this CAT are no exception. Specifically, the SS used in each of the studies reviewed in this CAT were presented immediately before the target activity and provided participants with information regarding the upcoming situation.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Memory
- Perception
- Publication Bias
- Stimulus
- Observer-Expectancy Effect
- Event-Related Potential
- Association
- Spreading Activation
- Affect Priming
- Cross-Cultural Psychology