Questions and Answers
David Browne, Brenda Wright, Guy Molyneux, Mohamed Ahmed, Ijaz Hussain, Bangaru Raju, Michael Reilly in MRCPsych Paper I One-Best-Item MCQs, 2017
Answer: C. Skinner’s ideas of radical behaviourism made the effects of the environment a central feature of learning. Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which behavioural frequency is altered through the application of positive and negative consequences. Thorndike preceded Skinner in identifying the relationship between appropriate behaviour and experiences of success and failure. Pavlov and Watson are associated with classical conditioning, the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus such that the neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response similar to that originally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov performed experiments examining the idea that learning occurs when two events occur closely together. Watson demonstrated classical conditioning can give rise to phobia-like behaviour in a famous experiment involving an 11-month-old infant in which he paired a loud noise with the sight of a white rat, leading the child to fear the rat and also similar objects, an example of stimulus generalisation. Bandura advocated social cognitive learning theory, which argues that the influence of environmental events on the acquisition and the regulation of behaviour is primarily a function of cognitive processes. [E. pp. 417–20]
100 MCQs from Dr. Brenda Wright and Colleagues
David Browne, Selena Morgan Pillay, Guy Molyneaux, Brenda Wright, Bangaru Raju, Ijaz Hussein, Mohamed Ali Ahmed, Michael Reilly in MCQs for the New MRCPsych Paper A, 2017
Skinner’s ideas of radical behaviourism made the effects of the environment a central feature of learning. Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which behavioural frequency is altered through the application of positive and negative consequences. Thorndike preceded Skinner in identifying the relationship between appropriate behaviour and experiences of success and failure. Pavlov and Watson are associated with classical conditioning, the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus such that the neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response similar to that originally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov performed experiments examining the idea that learning occurs when two events occur closely together. Watson demonstrated that classical conditioning can give rise to phobia-like behaviour in a famous experiment involving an 11-month-old infant, in which he paired a loud noise with the sight of a white rat, leading the child to fear the rat and also similar objects, an example of stimulus generalisation. Bandura advocated social cognitive learning theory, which argues that the influence of environmental events on the acquisition and the regulation of behaviour is primarily a function of cognitive processes. (15, pp 541–7)
Models and theories of addiction
G. Hussein Rassool in Alcohol and Drug Misuse, 2017
Wikler (1948, 1961) first suggested the significant role played by classical conditioning in the development of the motivation to use drugs. The role of classical conditioning that is established in smoking addiction is illustrated by West (2013). For example, the sensation of smoke in the throat and the sight and tactile sensations associated with smoking acquire reinforcing properties by virtue of being associated with the rewarding actions of nicotine. This establishes the whole behaviour chain involved in smoking more powerfully than would be the case were it to rely on only the nicotine reward.(p. 38) In operant conditioning learning occurs when the response or behaviour is followed by reinforcement. Reinforcements strengthen behaviour and may be positive (rewarding behaviour) or negative (avoidance of an unpleasant experience). The role of positive reinforcement in the use of psychoactive substances can be explained by the fact that drugs can cause pleasurable sensations. The more pleasure or in some cases fear of withdrawal reinforce the continued use of the substance.
Performance Feedback in Organizations: Understanding the Functions, Forms, and Important Features
Published in Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 2023
Douglas A. Johnson, C. Merle Johnson, Priyanka Dave
Skinner introduces readers to the concept of operant conditioning, in which organisms are more than poor creatures at the mercy of the surrounding environment. Instead, our behavior operates to change the environment, just as much as we are changed by that same environment, in a reciprocal dance of control. Feedback is intrinsic to the successful adaptation of our repertoire to the world around us. Performance feedback is built-in during the delivery of immediate consequences. This is evidenced across many aspects of our lives, including social behaviors (e.g., does our audience laugh or scowl at our attempt at humor?), cooking (e.g., do our seasonings repulse or please taste buds?), gaming (e.g., avatars perish or triumph following our button press combinations), sporting (e.g., free throw made or missed; golf shot hits the green or goes out-of-bounds), document editing (e.g., software indicates misspelling of our typing behaviors or accepts words without judgment), and a seemingly endless list of examples. Feedback used in organizational settings would be included in this list and can be expanded to include non-immediate consequences, although formal attempts to implement feedback are often lacking due to issues related to immediacy, frequency, objectivity, and efficacy (Daniels, 2016; Duncan & Bruwelheide, 1985). Unlike many natural sources of feedback, performance feedback in organizations is defined as the provision of information specifically given to change or maintain performance.
Brain injury, behaviour support, and family involvement: putting the pieces together and looking forward
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2020
Alinka Fisher, Michelle Bellon, Sharon Lawn, Sheila Lennon
In particular, the aforementioned reviews have highlighted the success of management approaches that are based on ABA. In simple terms, ABA refers to the application of behavioural principles from learning theory (i.e., classical [or respondent] conditioning and operant [or instrumental] conditioning) that asserts behaviour as operating on the environment and maintained by its consequences [114]. Put simply, classical conditioning refers to reflexive (unlearned) behaviours, whereas operant conditioning focuses on learned or voluntary behaviours [115]. The principles of classical conditioning has therefore informed an operant model for analysing behaviour to help identify the function it serves for the individual, and how environmental factors contribute to the development and maintenance of the behaviour [102,113]; thus, ABA interventions are based on procedures emphasising (but not restricted to) the management of BOC by manipulating antecedents (events prior to the occurrence of problem behaviour) or consequences (the response to the behaviour) [94,100].
Presurgical rehabilitation program for patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis: A pilot randomized controlled trial protocol
Published in Canadian Journal of Pain, 2022
Nora Bakaa, Douglas P. Gross, Lisa C. Carlesso, Joy MacDermid, Kenneth Thomas, Florence Slomp, Alison Rushton, Maxi Miciak, Rob Smeets, Raja Rampersaud, Andrew Nataraj, Brian Drew, Pahuta Markian, Daipayan Guha, Aleks Cenic, Luciana Macedo
Prehabilitation will consist of exercises and a walking program that will be delivered using graded activity,31 other cognitive behavioral therapy principles,32 and motivational interviewing.33 With graded activity, principles of operant conditioning are used to reinforce healthy behaviors.31 The program will focus functional activities and goals, identified by the participant at baseline, and progress in a time-contingent manner regardless of pain to achieve functional goals and increased activity. Principles of quotas, pacing, and self-reinforcement are key features of the program. To achieve functional goals, exercises may incorporate global muscle strengthening and stretching, with a focus on improving walking capacity, trunk strength, and general body muscle strength.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Behaviorism
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning Chamber
- Reflex
- Law of Effect
- Social Psychology
- False Consensus Effect
- Reinforcement
- Reward System
- Aversives