Approaches for assessing changes to self after brain injury
Tamara Ownsworth in Self-Identity after Brain Injury, 2014
In considering the relevance of these three broad approaches to brain injury, the first approach of covert observation is problematic from an ethical perspective. However, the use of naturalistic observation in real-life settings with people's consent can provide valuable insight into their characteristic self-perceptions and coping reactions (e.g., Krefting, 1989). The second approach of assessing an individual's characteristics by proxy may have utility in certain contexts. The use of significant others’ reports to assist in measuring aspects of self will be considered later in this chapter. The third approach of self-report via interviews and questionnaires is the most frequently used and practical method for measuring the constructs of self and identity (Brinthaupt & Erwin, 1992). The use of an interview guide to elicit self-narrative is a common qualitative approach for exploring changes to self and identity after brain injury (Levack et al., 2010). This approach is based on the view that self-identity is a language constructed phenomenon, and we are the stories we tell about ourselves (Freeman, 1992).
Explicating professional identity through consultative methods
Roger Ellis, Elaine Hogard in Professional Identity in the Caring Professions, 2020
The observation of professionals in their practice has high face validity but is beset with problems. The main technical problem for naturalistic observation is to determine and obtain a reliable and valid sample of a professional's and client's typical behavior. Both participants have to agree. Once having obtained a sample, the problems are how should it be described, categorized and analyzed. In addition to these practical and theoretical problems, there are ethical and privacy issues to be negotiated. Nevertheless, interesting work has been done which throws a light on professional behavior, self-awareness and identity. An excellent example of this is given by McHale and Cecil in Chapter 20.
Qualitative methods
Kay Aranda in Critical Qualitative Health Research, 2020
Observation as a research method is the act of careful watching for systematic analytic purpose. It is a method used in positivist research: where observation requires detachment of the researcher from the subject under observation (be that viewing matter down a microscope or telescope, or by watching social activity through a one way mirror) whilst naturalistic observation requires the researcher to enter the natural surroundings of subjects and watch their spontaneous actions.
Provider behaviors that predict motivational statements in adolescents and young adults with HIV: a study of clinical communication using the Motivational Interviewing framework
Published in AIDS Care, 2020
April Idalski Carcone, Sylvie Naar, Jamie Clark, Karen MacDonell, Liying Zhang
This study used naturalistic observation of medical encounters. Prior to the initiation of data collection, all providers signed informed consent. Patients treated by consenting providers were approached upon arrival to the HIV clinic for routine appointments. After obtaining patients’ informed consent, audio recorders were placed in patient exam rooms and recorded their clinical encounter. No additional data were collected from patients or providers. A professional transcription company transcribed the audio recordings for qualitative coding. Prior to coding, research staff screened encounters excluding those less than five minutes in duration (M = 14, Range = 5, 64). Interruptions (e.g., other providers entering the room to speak to the provider, patient telephone conversations) were not coded. The university affiliated IRB approved the research.
Assessment of feasibility and outcomes of a salivary cortisol collection protocol in five American Indian communities
Published in Stress, 2020
Melissa Walls, Melinda Dertinger, Michael Unzen, Angie Forsberg, Benjamin Aronson, Stephanie Wille, Mustafa al’Absi
Results suggest that home-based, community interviewer-involved protocols can result in valuable data and high participant compliance. Such naturalistic observation may enhance validity in that participants go about their daily lives with only brief, limited interruptions related to saliva collection/study protocols. In this study, 67% of all saliva samples were provided within 10 min of protocol instructions, 91% of participants provided at least one useable sample, and 79% provided four useable samples during a single day. These findings are comparable to those reported in prior research. For instance, in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (Golden et al., 2014), 57% of required samples were provided within 10 min of protocol instructions, and 86% of participants provided useable samples in National Study of Daily Experiences (Laudenslager et al., 2009). Our comparisons between more and less compliance to protocol suggests that noncompliance had limited impacts on observed cortisol indices in terms of extreme outliers or significantly different observed values. An exception was found in the case of outlier analyses: participants with outlier values on Interval 1 displayed significantly lower Early Morning Response values than did participants who adhered more closely to the protocol instructions. This finding makes sense considering that most variation in cortisol levels occurs in the minutes immediately after awakening, when protocol compliance is most important (Nicolson, 2008). These significant differences disappeared when examining percent change rather than change in raw values.
Increasing reciprocal social interactions using collaborative art activities: An intervention for children with complex communication needs and their peers
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2022
Jamie B. Boster, John W. McCarthy, Joann P. Benigno, Jennifer Ottley, Alyson M. Spitzley, James Montgomery
Video recording was used to capture data collection sessions with each dyad for coding. It should be noted that the presence of a video camera might have changed participants’ behaviour, while the camera could have been hidden, the purpose of the camera was to document the intervention rather than provide a naturalistic observation. Partial-interval time sampling was used to create samples for analysis (Meany-Daboul, Roscoe, Bourret, & Ahearn, 2007) and to ensure a representative sample of the behaviours under investigation throughout the activity (Suen & Ary, 1989). Each of the 12-minute sessions were organised into 10-sec interval samples for analysis with the first and last minute of the sessions being excluded from data collection. This resulted in 10 minutes of data for analysis and yielded 60 samples per session.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Observational Study
- Analog Observation
- Meditation
- Observer-Expectancy Effect
- Qualitative Research
- Practitioner–Scholar Model