Psychological Disorders
Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay in Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Mood disorders are a group of psychological disturbances in which the central symptom is persistent disturbance of mood that is usually accompanied by other characteristic symptoms that cause psychological discomfort, impaired ability to function, or both. Mood disorders in DSM-5 involve one of two large categories: bipolar and related disorders (in which the individual at least has an episode of mania or hypomania that may or may not alternate with episodes of depression, usually with a return to normal mood between the two extremes), or depressive disorders (in which the individual has one or more periods of depression without a history of manic episodes), e.g., major depressive disorder, dysthymia, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
Obesity, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, and Mood Disorders
Susan L. McElroy, David B. Allison, George A. Bray in Obesity and Mental Disorders, 2006
“Mood disorders” have had a long and varied history within the field of medicine, but recent advances in the last 50 years have provided increasingly detailed information on such aspects as classification, clinical distinctions, genetics, neuropathophysiology, neurochemistry, and treatment. The major disorders that constitute this category, as recognized and described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), are bipolar I disorder and major depressive disorder. In addition, the DSM-IV has recognized a host of variants of these disorders characterized by less severe symptomatology. These include dysthymic and cyclothymic disorders; minor depressive, recurrent brief, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder; and bipolar II disorder (38). In addition to bipolar I and II, many studies include bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (NOS) in subject populations with bipolar disorder.
Affective Illnesses
Tom Arie in Health Care of the Elderly, 1981
As far as management and treatment are concerned, I have been unimpressed by the value of any therapies which do not attack the mood disorder at central nervous system level. Attention to general health, including the effective treatment of significant and possibly precipitating physical conditions, seems to have little effect on the depression. On the psychological side, ‘working through’ a bereavement reaction does not seem to affect the depressive state once it has become established. I even recall vividly a patient with previous depressions in whom my attempts at working through her husband’s pending death singularly failed to prevent a further attack! Family relations of neurotic depressives often tend to be problematical, but again attention to these aspects does not ease the patient’s depression. Psycho- and socio-therapeutic activities are all the same useful, even essential, because they seem to facilitate the effect of drug therapy by increasing compliance with antidepressant regimes, and also by making agreement to undergo electroconvulsive therapy, if that becomes indicated, more likely. In the many instances where treatment has been unsuccessful, or only partially successful, social casework and supportive psychotherapy may make the continuing state of mental ill health or invalidism more tolerable to both patient and family. However, before turning in more detail to the management of depression, we have to draw attention to a second form of affective disorder of the elderly, the importance of which may have been underestimated in the past.
Existentialism in Occupational Therapy: Implications for Practice, Research, and Education
Published in Occupational Therapy In Health Care, 2018
Ganesh M. Babulal, Arun Selvaratnam, Steven D. Taff
Affective science: Scientifically, emotions have a variety of purposes including serving as biological awareness aid for survival, internal cues for motivation, physiological responses, cognitive appraisal of events, and as a means of social communication (Fox, 2008). Ortony, Clore, and Collins (1990) elaborate on four general sources to understand emotions: spoken/written language (descriptions/phrases), self-report (subjective/lived experience), behavioral (objective/observed), and physiological (vital signs/brain imaging). Given the multisource and complicated nature of emotions, affective science has created specific definitions to delineate overlapping concepts and interchangeable synonyms. Emotion is a brief episode triggered by an event or object that causes global change in the brain, body, and behavior; mood is a general state of lesser intensity and of more prolonged duration that can be caused by an emotion; feeling is the internal, subjective mental representation of the emotion and attitude is a pervasive affective stance or preference for an event or object (Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000; Fox, 2008). Emotions are not singular states that occur; rather emotions may co-occur and vary in intensity (e.g., sadness and happiness). Mood is probably the most popular manifestation of emotion where mood disorders like depression and anxiety can have a profound impact on health, quality of life, and well-being.
Glutamatergic dysregulation in mood disorders: opportunities for the discovery of novel drug targets
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2020
Panek Małgorzata, Kawalec Paweł, Malinowska Lipień Iwona, Tomasz Brzostek, Pilc Andrzej
Affective disorders are a group of mental disorders that severely impact mood and its related functions [1]. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, published in 2013, the main types of mood disorders include major depressive disorder (MDD), seasonal affective disorder, bipolar I disorder (previously known as manic depression), bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorders, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, persistent depressive disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. The group also encompasses depression or bipolar disorder (BD) that is caused by the use of medications, drugs or substances or by a medical condition or an illness [2]. Overall, mood disorders can lead to difficulty in keeping up with daily tasks and demands of everyday life. They are one of the most common mental diseases and one of the major causes of disability worldwide [1,3].
Clinical Significance and Cut-Off Scores for the Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale in Chronic Insomnia Disorder: A Replication in a Clinical Sample
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2020
Kristina Puzino, Gregory Amatrudo, Alanna Sullivan, Alexandros N. Vgontzas, Julio Fernandez-Mendoza
The diagnostic evaluation consisted of a thorough sleep, medical, psychiatric and social history via a semi-structured clinical interview and comprehensive testing that included about 22 validated patient-reported scales completed during the 2-hour diagnostic visit with the BSM provider. All participants’ demographic information such as age, gender, race, height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure, were collected from their electronic medical record (EMR) at the time of the diagnostic encounter with the BSM provider. In the present study, the presence of current medical and psychiatric comorbidities was also collected from participants’ EMR at the time of the diagnostic encounter with the BSM provider. Mood disorders included major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and bipolar disorder. Anxiety disorders included generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder. Neurodevelopmental disorders included attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Presence of other sleep disorders were confirmed if a previous medical provider (sleep physician or outside referring physician) identified such diagnosis as well as the BSM provider endorsed the same diagnosis after the diagnostic encounter. BSM providers included an attending as well as interns, residents or fellows and all diagnoses were confirmed by the attending (BSM program director, JFM).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Dysthymia
- International Classification of Diseases
- Major Depressive Disorder
- Mania
- Hypomania
- Bipolar Disorder
- Mental Disorder
- Abnormality
- Mood
- Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- International Classification of Diseases