The effect of different exercise programmes on cognitive functioning in children and adolescents
Romain Meeusen, Sabine Schaefer, Phillip Tomporowski, Richard Bailey in Physical Activity and Educational Achievement, 2017
The term cognition includes processes of perception, attention, thinking/problem solving, memory and language and is typically referred to as how the mind works (Pinker, 1999). Cognitive control processes, also called executive functions, include different cognitive functions such as self-control, selective attention, cognitive inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility (Diamond, 2013; Miyake et al., 2000). Executive functions are usually subsumed into the three categories of self-control (also called inhibition), working memory and cognitive flexibility. Self-control involves resisting temptations and avoiding impulsive acting. Working memory helps to keep information in mind and allows us to work with this information mentally (e.g. to solve a problem). And cognitive flexibility refers to the ability to change perspectives on how to solve a problem, and the flexibility to adjust to changing priorities, rules or demands (Diamond, 2013). Executive functions further contribute to the higher-order cognitive processes of planning, problem solving and reasoning and are linked to mental health (Collins & Koechlin, 2012; Diamond, 2013). Individuals suffering from mental disorders (e.g. attention deficit-hyperactivity, conduct disorder, depression) often show decreased executive functioning (Diamond, 2005; Fairchild, van Goozen, Stollery, Aitken, & Savage, 2009; Taylor Tavares et al., 2007).
Introduction
Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay in Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
In the late 1950s, many British and American psychologists were heavily influenced by computer science, in an attempt to understand more complex behaviors which they felt had either been neglected altogether or greatly oversimplified by learning theory (conditioning). These complex behaviors were what Wundt, Watson, and other early scientific psychologists had called “mind or mental processes.” Instead, cognitive psychologists used the term “cognition or cognitive processes” to refer to the ways in which people come to know the world around them, how they attain, retain, and regain information, through the processes of perception, attention, memory, problem-solving, decision-making, language, and thinking in general. Cognitive psychologists see people as information processors, and human cognitive processes as similar to the operation of computer programs.
Stress, Perceptual Distortions, and Human Performance
Darrell L. Ross, Gary M. Vilke in Guidelines for Investigating Officer-Involved Shootings, Arrest-Related Deaths, and Deaths in Custody, 2018
Perception is critical to existing, which translates to survival. Ratey (2001) reported that scientists are still far away from completely understanding how perception works. Perception is the mental process by which the brain interprets and gives meaning to information received from the sensory organs. It depends on both the psychological and physiological characteristics of the perceiver, in addition to the nature of the stimulus. Perception is the condition of being aware and the product of careful mental activity (Gibson, 1950, 1960; James, 1890). Perception is the process of applying stored knowledge to the sensory input and forming an interpretation (Green, 2011). Past experiences (and past learning) impact human perception and help to match what was previously experienced to a present situation. The brain's neural network responds in a specific pattern to past experiences and in response to a stimulus (Ratey, 2001).
Cognitive performance of women at various stages of reproductive aging and associated risk factors
Published in Climacteric, 2022
The internal mental processes that occur between encountering a stimulus from the environment and observing a behavioral response are known as cognitive processes [4]. These mental processes include both the simple tasks of perception, attention and sensation as well as complex tasks including memory, learning, using language, decision-making, problem-solving and reasoning [4]. Existing literature [5] illustrates that the changes in these memory functions occur gradually without any sudden decline. Pinto and Subramanyam [6] described mild cognitive impairment as an intermediate stage between normal aging and severe cognitive deficit (i.e. dementia) and is characterized by subjective complaints of memory loss, forgetting things and abnormal memory changes for age, whereas at its initial phase these changes did not interrupt the daily activities of an individual [7].
The systems view of life: Undergirding and unifying three philosophies of occupation
Published in Journal of Occupational Science, 2018
The process of cognition enables a living system to expand its capacity through relations with environmental forces and therefore is a thermodynamically open aspect of life (Capra & Luisi, 2014). The SVL recognizes two types of consciousness that correlate with different levels of neural complexity. The first level, primary consciousness, “arises when cognitive processes are accompanied by basic perceptual, sensory, and emotional experience” (Capra & Luisi, 2014, p. 260). It supplies the organism with a sense of the here and now through sensorial phenomena. Consciousness, or conscious lived experience, emerges as a form of cognition only when complexity reaches a certain threshold (Capra & Luisi, 2014). At the level of complexity available to humans, examples of the process of cognition are awareness, mental activity, conscious experience, and thought. Wilcock and Hocking (2015) included these functions in their description of being, as well as those functions mentioned above that align with the self-organizing pattern.
Human errors and occupational injuries of older female workers in residential healthcare facilities for the elderly
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2020
Nursing or caring work for the elderly patient is a physically demanding profession and workers often experience chronic fatigue [12]. The workers at healthcare facilities suffer physical and cognitive changes as their age increases [12]. Fraade-Blanar et al. [13] reported that older workers aged >60 years have lower injury rates relative to younger and middle-aged workers, but when injuries occur they are more severe and more costly. All potential resources in workplace health promotion should take into consideration not only the physical health of the worker but also the psychological aspects [14]. Wickens et al. [15] categorized human information processing as perception, cognition and action. Perception means interpreting information, and cognition involves making decisions. Incorrect interpretation or decision-making can lead to human error. Physical activity that exceeds the physical ability also causes human error. The mismatch between the physical ability of older workers and job demands is related to the risk of injury [13]. Declines in physical function, such as degradation of vision or hearing, may limit the ability to perceive safety hazards and interfere with processing work-related instructions [13].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Attention
- Intelligence
- Memory
- Perception
- Working Memory
- Knowledge
- Understanding
- Intellect
- Thought
- Imagination