Mental health
Gary Chan Kok Yew in Health Law and Medical Ethics in Singapore, 2020
Mental disorder is a dynamic and contested concept that may be based on purely medical assessments, social standards or both. In the past, certain phenomena that have been regarded or classified as mental illnesses would surprise many people today. These include “drapetomania” (ie, the tendency of black slaves to flee from their masters) and homosexuality. Szasz (2001), a professor of psychiatry, argued that so-called mental illnesses were based on what people consider as unacceptable or deviant social behaviour rather than diseases proper. Other theorists (eg,Graham 2013)10 preferred a hybrid model that encompasses both the medical/clinical aspect in terms of a mental incapacity or impairment and assessments of harm (eg, to commit suicide) to the person.
Criminal Responsibility and Deception
Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier in Detecting Malingering and Deception, 2020
A diagnosis of the defendant’s mental state for the time of the crime usually requires evidence in support of a diagnostic category in an accepted typology of mental disorders (e.g., DSM-5, ICD-11, released 2018). The diagnosis requires evidence that the condition existed at the time of the alleged crime, regardless of whether or not it also existed prior to or after the crime. Evidence of a chronic mental disorder (e.g., schizophrenia, mental retardation, organic personality disorder) in existence before the instant offense increases the likelihood that the disorder also existed at the time of the crime, but is not sufficient by itself. Some chronic mental disorders can be in remission or partial remission or can be controlled with psychotropic medications. Evidence of prior episodic explosive incidents, for example, is relevant to diagnosis at the time of the instant offense only if the instant behavior was also explosive and insufficiently provoked. Evidence of a mental disorder (e.g., depression or anxiety disorder), which arose after the instant crime, is generally irrelevant to a diagnosis at the time of the offense. Most jurisdictions exclude from their definitions of legal insanity certain mental disorders, such as voluntary substance intoxication and antisocial personality disorder.
Mental Health and Primary Care Management of Complex Psychiatric Conditions
James Matheson, John Patterson, Laura Neilson in Tackling Causes and Consequences of Health Inequalities, 2020
The life expectancy of people with severe mental illness is up to 20 years less than that of the general population [8]. Cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, some communicable diseases including HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, injuries, and gynaecological morbidity have all been shown to be more common in people with mental health conditions [9]. Possible reasons for this association are that: Mental disorders (or their treatment) affect the rate of health conditions.Other health conditions affect the rate of mental disorders.Mental disorders affect the treatment and outcome of other health conditions.
Demographic and Clinical Correlates of Treatment Completion among Older Adults with Heroin and Prescription Opioid Use Disorders
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2022
Namkee G. Choi, Diana M. DiNitto, C. Nathan Marti, Bryan Y. Choi
PO cases with co-occurring mental disorders were less likely to complete outpatient treatment. While not statically significant, heroin cases with co-occurring mental disorders also appeared to have lower odds. It is not clear if treatments addressed co-occurring mental disorders. Some differences in factors associated with outpatient treatment for heroin and PO also need mentioning. While living arrangement was not a significant factor for PO cases, supervised housing was a positive factor for heroin cases, suggesting that heroin cases likely need supportive housing services to succeed. While referrals from substance use service providers and employer/other community sources were not significant factors for heroin cases, they were for PO cases, suggesting that the latter likely have more formal and informal support. Although there were marital status-related differences, we refrain from interpreting them given the high rates of missing marital status data in both types of opioid cases.
Eating Disorders and Sexual Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Body Image Self-consciousness during Physical Intimacy and Dissociation
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2022
Zohar Spivak-Lavi, Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan
EDs, which are characterized by severe eating disturbances and excessive concerns about body shape, weight and food, have become increasingly prevalent throughout the Western world, including Israel (Katz, 2014; Latzer et al., 2015). The three most common types, as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by significantly low body weight and severe restriction of food intake; bulimia nervosa refers to recurrent binge-eating episodes accompanied by inappropriate compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting and overuse of laxatives, to prevent weight gain (Hilbert & Hoek, 2017); and binge eating disorders are defined as recurrent and persistent episodes of bingeing accompanied by feelings of loss of control, high level of distress and the absence of compensatory behaviors (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Prevalence rates in Western countries are 0.5%-1% for anorexia, 1%-2% for bulimia and 1%-3.5% for binge eating (Hudson et al., 2012; Lindvall Dahlgren et al., 2017), and these disorders are especially frequent among young women (Golden et al., 2016). Eating disorders of any kind have severe implications for physical health (Rancourt & McCullough, 2015), emotional well-being (Bucchianeri et al., 2016), quality of life (Ágh et al., 2016) and sexual health (Blais et al., 2019).
Stress, locus of control, hope and depression as determinants of quality of life of pregnant women: Croatian Islands' Birth Cohort Study (CRIBS)
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2021
Eva Anđela Delale, Natalija Novokmet, Nives Fuchs, Ivan Dolanc, Rafaela Mrdjen-Hodžić, Deni Karelović, Stipan Janković, Sanja Musić Milanović, Noel Cameron, Saša Missoni
Numerous socio-demographic, clinical and reproductive health characteristics have been considered as predictor variables for different dimensions of women’s QoL (Keshavarzi et al., 2013; Kuehner & Buerger, 2005; Mirghafourvand et al., 2018; Triviño-Juárez et al., 2016; Vermeulen et al., 2007). Today, greater emphasis is placed on the study of individual mental health because mental disorders negatively affect individuals, family function, economic status as well as public health. Antenatal depression increases the risk of various adverse outcomes, including preterm birth, pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction and infant behavior disorders (Grote et al., 2010; Schubert et al. 2017). According to data from previous research, the peak prevalence of major depressive disorder among women is during the childbearing years. A population-based survey of more than 15,000 women found that the prevalence of major depressive disorder during pregnancy is 8.4% (Patel & Wisner, 2011). The prevalence of postpartum depression in a community sample in Croatia was 8.1%, where the level of depression from pregnancy to postpartum is moderately stable and the mean depression score decreases over time (Nakić Radoš et al., 2013a).
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