Psychological Disorders
Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay in Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
A mental disorder can be defined as a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities. An expectable or culturally approved response to a common stressor or loss, such as the death of a loved one, is not a mental disorder. Socially deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) and conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are not mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict results from a dysfunction in the individual, as described above (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Currently, there is no objective test that determines abnormality. Instead, clinicians usually rely on signs and symptoms, and on subjective criteria for deciding when those symptoms constitute an abnormality that could determine whether an individual has a mental disorder. The following is a summary of the different perspectives used in defining abnormality.
Law, ethics and medicine
Mari Robbins in Medical Receptionists and Secretaries Handbook, 2017
The Act defines certain relevant legal mental conditions as follows. Mental disorder – which means illness, arrested or incomplete development of mind, psychopathic disorder or any other disorder or disability of mind.Severe mental impairment – which means a state of arrested or incomplete development of intelligence and social functioning, and is associated with abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible conduct on the part of the person concerned.Mental impairment – which means a state of arrested or incomplete development of mind (not amounting to severe mental impairment) which includes significant impairment of intelligence and social functioning, and is associated with abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible conduct on the part of the person concerned.Psychopathic disorder – which means a persistent disorder or disability of mind (whether or not it includes significant impairment of intelligence) which results in abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible conduct on the part of the person concerned.
Doctors' orders? Analysing appropriate medical treatment in mental health law
Sara Fovargue, Alexandra Mullock in The Legitimacy of Medical Treatment, 2015
Consequently, there are legitimate concerns about the breadth and application of this definition of mental disorder, especially when statistics on the rates of compulsory admission are considered. There has been a steady increase in the use of compulsion since the amendments introduced by the 2007 Act came into force, and annual hospital detentions rose from 15,181 in 2008 to 18,166 in 2014.47 The precise reasons for this are not known, but the expanded definition of mental disorder may be a contributing factor. Indeed, the Richardson Committee, which was appointed to advise the government about reform in the 1990s, was worried that a broad concept of mental disorder could lead to this ‘net widening’ effect.48 These sorts of concerns are reinforced when the interpretation of other criteria in compulsory admission and treatment are examined.
An Examination of Fitness to Stand Trial, Competence to Make Treatment Decisions, and Psychosis in a Canadian Sample
Published in International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2021
Christopher M. King, Jill Del Pozzo, Dwight Ceballo, Patricia A. Zapf
Diagnoses, included all co-occurring diagnoses, rendered by facility psychiatrists for each participant circa admission were coded into five categories. First was psychotic, viz., diagnoses involving psychotic symptomology. For example, schizophrenia, psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, and bipolar disorder with psychotic features. Second was non-psychotic major, viz., major mental disorders not involving psychotic symptomology. For instance, major depressive disorder, bipolar II disorder, neurodevelopmental disorders, neurocognitive disorders, and mental disorder not otherwise specified due to a general medical condition. Third was non-psychotic minor, viz., minor mental disorders not involving psychotic symptomology. For example, personality disorders, adjustment disorder, dysphoric mood, and malingering. Fourth was alcohol (alcohol-related disorders) and fifth was drug (non-alcohol substance-related disorders and polysubstance-related disorder). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition–Revised (DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) was in use during the original study period while the study site migrated to the fourth edition of the text.
Human rights in mental healthcare; A review of current global situation
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2023
Artin A. Mahdanian, Marc Laporta, Nathalie Drew Bold, Michelle Funk, Dainus Puras
The main inclusion criterion was that the focus be on human rights. We excluded articles that did not contain human rights in their title, abstract or keywords. After screening, only the articles about human rights in mental health were retained. For the purpose of this review, we searched for any of the following terms in titles, abstracts or keywords: “mental health”, “mental illness”, “mental disorder”, “psychiatry” or explicit mention of any diagnosis from the American Psychiatric Association’s “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders” (DSM) V and “International Classification of Diseases” (ICD) 10. We selected all the articles directly focussing on human rights aspects of mental health, including those invoking the CRPD, the WHO QualityRights and other national and international human rights charters. The authors read title, keywords, and abstracts of the articles.
Unexpected foreign body in the bladder of a spinal cord injured patient: A case report
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2019
Alper Mengi, Belgin Erhan, Belgin Kara, Ebru Yilmaz Yalcinkaya
There are studies which reported that stone formations formed by hairs entering the bladder.6,7 Pubic hairs may enter into the bladder either by adhering directly to the lubricated catheter, or by overlying the urethral meatus and being pushed into the bladder. The hair in the bladder is an ideal place for crystals to precipitate, which facilitates stone formation, which is manifested by the presence of hair formations within the stones that removed from the bladder.6,7 Many unusual foreign bodies that range from the electric wire, thermometer to glass rods and battery have been reported. In addition, mental disorder, psychosexual disorder and iatrogenic causes have been reported in its etiology.8,9 None of these etiologic factors was present in our patient. In neurogenic bladder patients performing CIC, we did not detect any foreign body report except for stone, pubic hair, and vaginal contraceptive ring.6,9
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