Depression
Henry J. Woodford in Essential Geriatrics, 2022
Bipolar disorder is defined as depression plus one or more episodes of mania. It is less likely to present in older individuals. A manic episode is a period of abnormally elevated mood plus three or more of:12Delusions of grandeurReduced sleepPressured speechFlight of ideasDistractibilityIncreased activityExcessive involvement in pleasurable activities
Antimanic Drugs
Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur in Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Mania is a phase of steady liberal, prominent, or bad-tempered mood characterized by exaggerated self-esteem or high-flying thinking, marked cognitive changes such as distractibility or air travel of dream and thoughts, pressured speech, reduced will power for sleep, agitation or increased activity, and excessive potential harmful pleasurable activities. When similar signs are existed with minor alterations of functioning or require hospitalization, the condition is termed hypomania. The condition of mania is lasted for a week and hypomania for a period of 4 days. Mania can be very severe with psychotic experiences, extreme destructive behaviors and requires hospitalization, whereas hypomania may be brief, relatively mild, hard to detect or recall without need of hospitalization. Mixed episodes refer to seemingly simultaneous or rapidly alternating manic and depressive symptoms (George and Thomas, 2003; Laurence and Bennett, 2003; Sharma and Sharma, 2017).
Adolescent schizophrenia
MS Thambirajah in Case Studies in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2018
Differential diagnosis: The presentation of schizophrenia may evolve over time, from non-specific depression or anxiety into psychotic states with typical symptoms. Differential diagnosis is limited but other conditions need to be excluded. These include temporal lobe epilepsy, manic-depressive psychosis and drug-induced states. Psychotic symptoms, often indistinguishable from those seen in schizophrenia, occur in manic depressive illness. Mania typically presents with hyperactivity, an elevated or excessive irritable mood, sleep loss, pressure of speech and a tendency to jump from topic to topic (flight of ideas). The latter may mimic forms of thought disorder, while grandiose beliefs (often delusional) may generate excess spending or a chaotic lifestyle. Hypomania is the term applied to a less severe form without psychotic features.
Personality and Affective Correlates of Openness to Experience from Big Five and HEXACO Personality Models: The Dual Nature of Big Five Openness
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2023
Lana Tucaković, Boban Nedeljković
Mania is characterized by elated, expansive, or irritable mood, racing thoughts, difficulty maintaining attention, inflated self-esteem, severe sleep disturbances, and frequently followed by psychotic features (Bijma et al., 2020). Somewhat consistent findings are obtained regarding the association between the trait of Openness to Experience and mania. More specifically, positive associations were obtained between Openness to Experience and mania (e.g., Forgeard et al., 2019; Furnham et al., 2008; Hosang et al., 2017; Knežević et al., 2017; Meyer, 2002; Quilty et al., 2009), while one study reported there was no significant association (Quilty et al., 2013). This may occur because the association between Openness to Experience and mania depends on the measurement instruments used and which facets of Openness to Experience are emphasized.
The temporal experience in depression: from slowing down and delayed help seeking to the emergency setting and length of treatment
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2022
Koen Demyttenaere
The DSM-5TR diagnosis of major depression asks for the presence of symptoms for at least 2 weeks while the diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder asks for the presence of symptoms for at least 2 years in adults (1 year in children and adolescents) and the individual should never have been without the symptoms for more than 2 months (APA, 2022). n contrast, to be considered mania, the period of abnormally and persistently elevated/expansive/irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy must last for at least 1 week and to be considered hypomania, the mood must last for at least four consecutive days (APA, 2022). The scientific basis for these required durations of symptoms is not very strong. Adjustment disorders with depressed mood
Comparing the efficacy of aripiprazole as an add-on to valproate with other second-generation antipsychotics in acute mania symptoms in manic patients in Iran
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2022
Zeinab Sadat Ayatollahi, Mehran Shayganfard, Hamidreza Jamilian, Anita Alaghmand
A person with bipolar disorder has severe mood swings. This fluctuation usually lasts for weeks or months which is completely different from mood changes that occur normally in daily life. These patients have mainly three pathological moods: severe depression; mania; and mixed mood (defined as depression along with hyperactivity due to mania) (Benazzi 2007). Patients with type 1 bipolar disorder experience at least one period of mania for a week. Although most of the patients have depression periods too, some of them experience only mania. Manic episodes can last between 3 and 6 months without treatment. Depression episodes will last 6–12 months if are left untreated (Treuer and Tohen 2010). The aetiology of these disorders is not fully understood, however, research has indicated that bipolar disorder is inherited. In other words, genes are more effective than the environment. Moreover, researchers hypothesised that these disorders may result from a physical problem in a brain area that controls our mood. Additionally, mood swings can sometimes be caused by stress (Miklowitz and Johnson 2006; Arnold et al. 2021).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anxiety
- Euphoria
- Depression
- Mental Disorder
- Abnormality
- Affect
- Mood
- Mixed Affective State
- Anger
- Glossary of Psychiatry