Psychiatric Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Brain-imaging technologies include computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and echoencephalography (ECHO). The term polysomnography (PSG) may appear in. an order for a diagnostic procedure for sleep apnea. This consists of an electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyelogram (EMG). A dexamethasone depression test (DST) is useful in making the diagnosis of major depressive disorder with melancholic features. A number of standard tests are utilized to evaluate various aspects of an individual's mental health and intelligence. These are represented in Table 14.3.
pushing children into suicide with happy pills
Peter C. Gøtzsche, Richard Smith, Drummond Rennie in Deadly Medicines and Organised Crime, 2019
David Healy wrote in 200219 that, based on data he had obtained from the FDA, three of five suicide attempts on placebo in a sertraline trial20 had occurred during washout rather than while on placebo and that two suicides and three of six attempts on placebo in a paroxetine trial20 had also occurred in the washout period. Healy’s observations weren’t denied by Pfizer and Glaxo,21,22 but Glaxo again provided a glaring example that their lies are not of this world:22The ‘drug’ v. ‘true placebo’ analysis Dr Healy describes is not only scientifically invalid, but also misleading. Major depressive disorder is a potentially very serious illness associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and completed suicide. Unwarranted conclusions about the use and risk of antidepressants, including paroxetine, do a disservice to patients and physicians.
Diagnosis and Assessment
Melisa Robichaud, Naomi Koerner, Michel J. Dugas in Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder, 2019
Major depressive disorder (or depression) is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities for a period of at least two weeks. Persistent depressive disorder (previously dysthymia) is a more chronic form of depression, as symptoms must be present for at least two years. There are two main reasons why discriminating between these disorders and GAD can prove to be a challenge. First, there is an overlap in terms of associated symptoms. Specifically, poor concentration, sleeping difficulties, and fatigue are associated with GAD, depression, and dysthymia. Second, depressed or dysthymic individuals are prone to rumination, that is, a passive and repetitive focus on one’s distress and the meaning of that distress (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998). This kind of dwelling thought process could easily resemble GAD worry. Moreover, GAD and depression/dysthymia have been found to co-occur quite frequently. As such, it is important to determine whether clients are suffering from either one or both disorders in order to begin developing a proper treatment strategy.
Puerarin alleviates depressive-like behaviors in high-fat diet-induced diabetic mice via modulating hippocampal GLP-1R/BDNF/TrkB signaling
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Yumin Liu, Ziqi Hu, Jing Wang, Yanjun Liao, Luan Shu
Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are at a high risk of developing brain or mental disorders, such as stroke, dementia and depression [1]. Major depressive disorder affects 350 million people worldwide according to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics in 2017 (WHO, 2017. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates). Depression is increasingly recognized as one of the most common complications of T2DM. Extensive researches demonstrate that ∼ 30% of people with T2DM experience depressive affect [2], which is a much higher prevalence than in the general population. In addition to changes in the endocrine systems, both depression and T2DM are associated with neurological changes [3]. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have suggested that the pathophysiology of depression is associated with the inability of neuronal systems to exhibit appropriate plasticity. For example, psychosocial stress causes atrophy of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus and decreases neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult animals [4].
A Proposal to Study the Safety and Efficacy of Psilocybe cubensis in Preclinical and Clinical Studies as a Therapeutic Alternative for Major Depressive Disorder
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2023
Raul Escamilla, María Eva González-Trujano, Jesús M. González Mariscal, Jesús Martín Torres-Valencia, Héctor Guzmán-González, José Luis Vega, Anja Loizaga-Velder
Major depressive disorder is a severe mental disorder characterized by a sad mood most of the time, loss of interest or ability to enjoy things, ideas of guilt, handicap, ideas of death, or suicidal type in the most severe cases. Its high prevalence, the disability it causes, and its chronicity generate a high economic burden. More than 300 million people worldwide suffer from depression, representing about 4.4% of the world’s population (Ferrari et al. 2013). The major depressive disorder affects people of all ages and cultures and is currently among the first places worldwide in psychosocial disability. Among all diseases (medical and psychiatric), major depressive disorder is one of the most significant contributors to the burden of disease measured in years lived with disability (global burden of disease), with a contribution equivalent to ischemic heart disease or diarrheal diseases (Santomauro et al. 2021).
Epigenetic modulation: Research progress on histone acetylation levels in major depressive disorders
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Yuan Meng, Juan Du, Ning Liu, Yuanyuan Qiang, Lifei Xiao, Xiaobing Lan, Lin Ma, Jiamei Yang, Jianqiang Yu, Guangyuan Lu
Current depression treatments mainly involve psychological, physical, and drug therapies [5], among which drug therapy is the first choice for major depressive disorder. Monoamine deficiency is an important factor in the pathogenesis of depression [6], and the currently available therapeutic antidepressant drugs are mainly designed to target the serotonergic and/or noradrenergic systems in the brain [7], with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors being the most widely used. Blocking norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake in the brain boosts the concentration of transmitters at the receptor site and decreases the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin by the presynaptic membrane of nerve terminals. Tricyclic antidepressants are one of the first-choice treatments for depression; however, they have important shortcomings, such as a low effective rate, considerable side effects, slow action onset, and easy recurrence after drug withdrawal. Therefore, it is crucial to develop new therapeutic targets based on an understanding of their pathophysiological mechanisms.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anhedonia
- Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Major Depressive Episode
- Mood Disorder
- Psychotherapy
- Syndrome
- Depression
- Mental Disorder
- Self-Esteem
- Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Mental Status Examination