Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/ Myalgic Encephalomyelitis in Children and Young People
Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
Once out of normal activities, children can quickly lose confidence in their physical and social activities and become anxious or miserable about the loss of time in school and reduced contact with their peers. Many of these young people are compliant and perhaps perfectionist by nature and find failure hard to tolerate. Returning to school after a prolonged absence is difficult. A professed desire to return to school does not mean there are no problems with it. Some young people with CFS may become depressed and the depression may be a perpetuating factor of CFS. Symptoms of depression in adolescents include irritability and anger, in addition to the more commonly recognised depressive symptoms. Psychological difficulties (e.g. the effects of bullying and/or poor peer relationships) may be predisposing, precipitating or perpetuating factors. Abuse or major life events are not often found to be aetiological factors.
Conditions
Sarah Bekaert in Women's Health, 2018
Cushing’s syndrome – a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure of the body’s tissues to high levels of the hormone cortisol. The symptoms vary, but in most cases there is upper body obesity, a rounded face, increased fat around the neck, and thinning of the arms and legs. Other symptoms affect the skin, which becomes fragile and thin, bruises easily and heals poorly. Purplish-pink stretch marks may appear on the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, arms and breasts. The bones are weakened, and routine activities such as bending, lifting or getting up from a chair may lead to backache and fractures of the rib and spinal column. In most cases there is severe fatigue, muscular weakness, high blood pressure and high blood sugar levels. Irritability, anxiety and depression are common. Women usually have excess hair growth on their face, neck, chest, abdomen and thighs, and their menstrual periods may become irregular or stop.
Gastrointestinal system
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge in MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
6.11. Which of the following statements is/are correct of coeliac disease?The clinical disease may be initiated by a diet high in rye cereal.Antigliandin IgA levels can be reliably used in establishing the diagnosis.The condition has a self-limiting course and usually abates in late childhood.The condition is diagnosed by assessing the clinical response to a gluten-free diet.Typically during childhood the condition is associated with marked irritability.
Aripiprazole for treating irritability associated with autism spectrum disorders
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2019
Lindsay A. Bartram, Juan Lozano, Daniel L. Coury
Aripiprazole (see Box 1, Drug Summary Box) is classified as an atypical antipsychotic medication, with an unclear mechanism of action that works through a combination of partial agonist activity at the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and antagonist activity at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. Actions at receptors other than D2, 5-HT1A, and 5-HT2A may explain some of the other clinical effects of aripiprazole (e.g. orthostatic hypotension explained by its antagonist activity at adrenergic alpha1 receptors). Available formulations include oral tablets, oral solution, an oral rapidly disintegrating tablet, and intramuscular injection. The oral version is the US FDA approved formulation for irritability associated with autism [13,14]. It is hypothesized that the clinical effect on irritability is based on a modulation of the dopamine activity with an increase in positive emotional symptoms.
Co-occurring psychiatric conditions in autism spectrum disorder
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2018
Tamara E. Rosen, Carla A. Mazefsky, Roma A. Vasa, Matthew D. Lerner
According to the DSM-5, Major Depressive Disorder is characterized by the core features of sad or irritable mood, and anhedonia. An additional five symptoms must also be present within a 2-week period that cause functional impairment and a change in baseline functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In children, depression can manifest as severe irritability rather than depressed mood or anhedonia. Kanner (1968) described mood symptoms in children with ASD (e.g. ‘momentary fit of depression’) in his earliest reports of the syndrome. A number of case studies subsequently followed (Lainhart & Folstein, 1994; Rutter, 1970), which has led to more systematic study of co-occurring depression during the past decade. Several excellent reviews have been written, which cover the prevalence, phenotype, and risk factors for depression in ASD (Chandrasekhar & Sikich, 2015; De-la-Iglesia & Olivar, 2015; Magnuson & Constantino, 2011; Stewart, Barnard, Pearson, Hasan, & O’brien, 2006).
Assessing irritability in patients with stroke: psychometric properties of the Irritability Questionnaire
Published in Brain Injury, 2020
Naiara Mimentza, Eduardo González-Fraile, Juan Carlos Arango-Lasprilla, Nuria Ortiz-Marqués, German E. Berrios, Ana González-Pinto, Jose I. Quemada
IRQ and CIRQ show a significant correlation with anxiety (GAD-7) and depression (PHQ-9) and a lack of correlation with apathy (AES) and cognitive impairment (MMSE). These findings have been previously reported by other authors (15,45). The correlation between irritability and anxiety/depression poses the question of the nature of that relationship, and it has descriptive and nosological implications. Is it just another negative emotion that tends to covary with anxiety and depression or are the three symptoms part of a “negative emotional syndrome” that is usually known with the label of depression. These findings suggest that irritability belongs to the domain of affective disorders and that it covaries with other negative emotions such as fear/anxiety and sadness. On the other hand, apathy, which is characterized by a reduction in the emotional contents, and cognition as assessed by the MMSE, behave independently of irritability.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Aggression
- Behavior
- Emotion
- Mental Health
- Physiology
- Pathology
- Affect
- Anger
- Frustration
- Low Frustration Tolerance